In the Maratha polity, who was the Peshwa and what was his role?
  • Commander of Mughal armies
  • Chief tax collector of provinces
  • Prime minister with great influence
  • Religious head of the state
Which Peshwas were especially instrumental in pan-Indian Maratha expansion?
  • Bajirao I and Nanasaheb
  • Madhavrao II and Baji II
  • Balaji Vishwanath and Shahu
  • Mahadji and Holkar Rao
Which event marked a major setback for the Marathas in 1761?
  • Defeat at the Battle of Panipat
  • Loss at the Battle of Plassey
  • Treaty of Salbai with Mughals
  • Capture of Raigad by Portuguese
Who led the Marathas to recapture Delhi in 1771, keeping it under their control until the British took it?
  • Mahadji Shinde recaptured Delhi
  • Aurangzeb recaptured Delhi
  • Bajirao I recaptured Delhi
  • Tarabai recaptured Delhi
The Marathas briefly controlled which northern areas during their expansion?
  • Agra, Lucknow, Kanpur
  • Lahore, Attock, Peshawar
  • Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner
  • Patna, Gaya, Dacca
In the late 18th century, who were the chief rivals of the British in India, leading to wars between 1775 and 1818?
  • The French were chief rivals
  • The Sikhs were chief rivals
  • The Mughals were chief rivals
  • The Marathas were chief rivals
What factor most helped the British end Maratha power by 1818?
  • Afghan alliances with Rajputs
  • Portuguese naval blockades alone
  • Strong Mughal resurgence and unity
  • Maratha disunity and British organisation
Which step by Chhatrapati Shivaji shows a move toward centralised administration?
  • Keeping hereditary posts and land assignments
  • Abolishing hereditary posts and land assignments
  • Allowing ministers to dictate terms to nobles
  • Letting officials collect pay from local revenues
Why were officials periodically transferred under Shivaji’s rule?
  • To reward them with higher land grants
  • To focus only on military governance
  • To reduce the overall salary burden
  • To prevent them from gaining excessive power
What policy showed Shivaji’s concern for soldiers’ families?
  • Granting tax-free villages to nobles
  • Creating hereditary command posts
  • Providing pensions to widows of soldiers
  • Exempting soldiers from all taxes
What did minting coins in his own name with Devanagari script signify for Shivaji?
  • Preference for Persian language and script
  • Assertion of sovereignty and cultural identity
  • Shift to a completely cashless economy
  • Allegiance to Mughal authority and customs
Which role in the ashta pradhana served as the prime minister?
  • Nyayadhish
  • Pradhan
  • Amatya
  • Senapati
Who was responsible for land revenue among the eight ministers?
  • Sachiv
  • Panditrao
  • Mantri
  • Amatya
According to Shivaji’s instructions about cutting trees for the Navy, what was required before action?
  • Permission and careful selection of trees
  • Immediate felling without any permits
  • Only planting new trees after cutting
  • Using only mango and jackfruit trees
Which statement best explains chauth?
  • Ten percent levy on protected lands
  • Twenty-five percent levy on certain provinces
  • Tax paid by Mughal provinces under their rule
  • Fixed tribute collected only in the Deccan
Sardeshmukhi was typically charged as what in relation to chauth?
  • A fee collected only from cities
  • A replacement tax for chauth
  • Half the amount of chauth only
  • An additional ten percent to chauth
What did provinces gain in return for paying chauth and sardeshmukhi?
  • Permanent annexation without treaties
  • Exemption from all other local taxes
  • Direct rule by Maratha officials everywhere
  • Internal administrative autonomy and protection
Which statement about the Marathas’ 18th-century coinage is accurate?
  • They used Mughal style but added cultural symbols
  • They stopped issuing coins during Peshwa rule
  • They minted only in Persian script without prayers
  • They fully adopted Mughal coins without changes
Which development reflects Maratha adaptation to European military practices in the 18th century?
  • Replacing cavalry with camel corps
  • Abandoning all firearms and artillery
  • Relying only on swords and spears
  • Raising European-style disciplined troops
Which statement best explains why forts were central to Maratha power under Chhatrapati Shivaji?
  • They collected taxes from merchants on long caravans
  • They displayed royal art and religious relics to travelers
  • They controlled routes and sheltered troops during warfare
  • They stored surplus grain for village festivals
Who led the Maratha navy to repeated victories in the 18th century using geography and battle tactics?
  • Kanhoji Angre
  • Ramchandrapant Amatya
  • Baji Rao I
  • Dadaji Konddev
What practice by European powers did the Marathas challenge by demanding passes from Europeans themselves?
  • Registering forts with foreign governors
  • Hiring European officers for shipbuilding
  • Purchasing naval trade passes at a price
  • Paying tribute for inland caravans
According to Ramchandrapant Amatya’s view, what happened in the absence of forts?
  • Armies refused to fight invaders
  • Villages migrated to mountain regions
  • Land became devastated during invasions
  • Trade improved in coastal markets
Which option identifies the main body that delivered local justice in the Maratha realm?
  • Village panchayat council
  • Foreign merchant guilds
  • Traveling royal magistrates
  • Imperial senate of nobles
What feature made the Maratha judicial system notable compared to many contemporaries?
  • Trials conducted entirely in Persian
  • Moderation in using the death penalty
  • Frequent use of capital punishment
  • Juries drawn from naval officers
In case of an unsatisfactory verdict at the village level, what recourse existed?
  • Move the case to Portuguese courts
  • Appeal to a Maratha chief
  • Complain to European traders
  • Request a royal duel
Which event shows European awareness of Maratha naval strength in the 1660s?
  • Omani ruler retreated into Muscat harbour
  • Dutch annexed a Konkan port
  • French declared Angre a lawful admiral
  • English formed a land alliance
Which ports were connected to Maratha maritime trade through their own ships?
  • Mocha, Muscat, and Malacca
  • Batavia, Zanzibar, and Hormuz
  • Lisbon, Aden, and Surat
  • Basra, Mombasa, and Colombo
What inland transport improvements supported Maratha trade networks in the 18th century?
  • Camel relays and watchtowers
  • Stone highways and canals only
  • Roads, ferries, and river bridges
  • Railways and telegraph lines
Why did Europeans label Kanhoji Angre a “pirate” from their perspective?
  • He demanded passes from European ships
  • He attacked inland forts for ransom
  • He sold European captains to rivals
  • He exported silver without customs
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