Fill in the blank: A narrow valley with steep walls is called ________.
  • gorge
  • canyon rim
  • delta
  • cirque
Fill in the blank: A ________ is a high landmass with sharply sloping surfaces.
  • mountain
  • plain
  • plateau
  • basin
Fill in the blank: A relatively flat and low-lying vast expanse of land is called ________.
  • plateau
  • plain
  • valley
  • cliff
Fill in the blank: ________ occur due to sudden failure of natural dams that hold back glacial lakes.
  • Glacial Lake Outburst Floods
  • Storm surges
  • Tidal bores
  • Dune formation
Plate tectonics is best described as.
  • A theory that Earth’s lithospheric plates move over the asthenosphere, causing earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain building
  • A process in which only continents drift while oceans remain fixed
  • The breaking of rocks in place without any movement of material
  • Seasonal shifting of winds in tropical regions
Which combination correctly lists the three main layers of the Earth from the surface to the centre?
  • Crust, mantle, core
  • Mantle, crust, core
  • Crust, core, mantle
  • Core, mantle, crust
Weathering is.
  • The disintegration and decomposition of rocks in situ by physical, chemical or biological processes
  • The removal and transportation of rock debris by running water
  • The sudden shaking of the Earth’s surface
  • The deposition of sediments in river deltas
Erosion is.
  • The breakdown of rocks without movement
  • The removal and transportation of weathered material by agents like rivers, wind and glaciers
  • The formation of new rocks deep within the Earth
  • The slow flow of ice within a glacier
Which pair lists two agents of erosion?
  • Running water and wind
  • Faulting and folding
  • Earth’s rotation and revolution
  • Humidity and temperature
A glacier is.
  • A large, persistent mass of moving ice formed from compacted snow
  • A narrow sea inlet with steep sides
  • A cone-shaped volcanic hill of ash
  • A submerged coastal sandbar
An earthquake is.
  • The sudden vibration of the Earth’s crust due to the release of energy in the form of seismic waves
  • The slow bending of rock layers over millions of years
  • The gradual wearing away of rock surfaces by wind
  • A seasonal flood on a river’s floodplain
A landslide is.
  • The rapid downslope movement of rock, soil or debris under the influence of gravity
  • The slow chemical alteration of bedrock in place
  • The uplift of land due to tectonic forces
  • A standing wave in a bay caused by tides
GLOF stands for.
  • Glacial Lake Outburst Flood
  • Global Lake Overflow Factor
  • Ground Level Ozone Formation
  • Glacier Layer Oscillation Feature
Which statement best explains the theory of plate tectonics with a suitable example?
  • Earth’s rigid lithosphere is broken into plates that move over the ductile asthenosphere; for example, the Indian Plate colliding with the Eurasian Plate formed the Himalayas
  • Continents drift but ocean floors are fixed; for example, the Atlantic Ocean has not changed since its formation
  • Plates only rotate without colliding; for example, the Pacific Plate spins in place
  • Only volcanic activity moves plates; for example, lava pushes continents across oceans
Which sequence correctly describes the Earth’s interior structure from the surface downward?
  • Crust → mantle → core
  • Core → mantle → crust
  • Mantle → core → crust
  • Crust → core → mantle
Rivers as agents of gradation primarily.
  • Erode, transport and deposit sediments to shape valleys, floodplains and deltas
  • Only deposit sediments along coastlines
  • Only carve U-shaped valleys by plucking
  • Create dunes by deflation and abrasion
Glaciers as agents of gradation primarily.
  • Erode, transport and deposit materials forming U-shaped valleys and moraines
  • Only weather rocks chemically in situ
  • Form V-shaped valleys by downcutting
  • Build beaches and spits along coasts
In deserts, wind most commonly.
  • Erodes by deflation and abrasion and deposits sand to form dunes and other features
  • Lifts entire boulders and throws them long distances
  • Creates tidal currents and marine terraces
  • Forms glacial cirques on mountain peaks
U-shaped valleys are formed mainly by.
  • Glacial erosion through plucking and abrasion
  • River downcutting in youthful stage
  • Wind deflation on sandy plains
  • Tectonic uplift along faults
Which statement best summarizes landslides?
  • Rapid movement of rock and debris down slopes, often triggered by heavy rainfall, earthquakes or human activities
  • Slow upward creep of soil on gentle slopes due to plant growth
  • Sinking of land over underground caves due to dissolution
  • Seasonal overbank flooding on wide floodplains
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