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Q.1
In carbon monoxide poisoning there is ... [ AFMC 1997 ]
0%
a) Increase in carbon dioxide concentration
0%
b) Decrease in oxygen availability
0%
c) Decrease in free haemoglobin
0%
d) None of the above
Explanation
Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin at any or all of the oxygen-binding sites of hemoglobin, It acts to increase the stability of the bond between hemoglobin and oxygen which reduce the ability of the hemoglobin molecule to release oxygen bound to other oxygen-binding sites. Answer : (c)
Q.2
Layer of uneven columnar cells which form tracheal lining are component of ...[ Uttarakhand 2001 ]
0%
a) Brush border epithelium
0%
b) Stratified epithelium
0%
c) Pseudostratified epithelium
0%
d) Ciliated epithelium
Explanation
A Pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that, though comprising only a single layer of cells, has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelia.Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia are found in the linings of the trachea as well as the upper respiratory tract. Answer : (c)
Q.3
Carbon monoxide has greater affinity for haemoglobin as compared to oxygen ...[CBSE 1995 ]
0%
a) 1000 times
0%
b) 200 times
0%
c) 20 times
0%
d) 2 times
Explanation
Carbon monoxide is better at binding to haemoglobin than oxygen is – about 200 times better. Answer : (b)
Q.4
Hamburger's phenomenon is also known as ....[ JIPMER 2002 ]
0%
a) HCO3' shift
0%
b) Na+ shift
0%
c) H+ shift
0%
d) Chloride shift
Explanation
Hamburger's phenomenon is also known as Chloride shift Answer : (d)
Q.5
Which leads to acidosis ...[ COMEDK's -2007 ]
0%
a) Hypercapnia
0%
b) Asphyxia
0%
c) Hypocapnia
0%
d) Emphysema
Explanation
Acidosis is an increased acidity in the blood and other body tissue. acidosis caused by retention of carbon dioxide and abnormally elevated carbon dioxidelevels in the blood ( Hypercapnia); due to inadequate pulmonary ventilation or hypoventilation, with decrease in blood pH unless compensated by renal retention of bicarbonate Answer : (a)
Q.6
Which is not true ...[ kerala 2007 ]
0%
a) pCO2 of deoxygenated blood is 95 mm Hg
0%
b) pCO2 of alveolar air is 40 mm Hg
0%
c) pO2 alveolar air is 104 mm Hg
0%
d) pO2 of oxygenated blood is 95 mm Hg
Explanation
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level in deoxygenated blood is between 35 mmHg and 45 mmHg Answer : (a)
Q.7
Residual air mostly occurs in .... [ MPPMT 1992 ]
0%
a) Alveoli
0%
b) Bronchus
0%
c) Nostrils
0%
d) Trachea
Explanation
Residual air mostly occurs in Alveoli During breathing out/expiration/exhalation; not all the air is removed from the lungs; the air left inside the lungs during breathing out is residual air. ... air is always left inside the lungs so that more oxygen can be removed (diffuse) into the blood stream. Answer : (a)
Q.8
Compound soluble in water which does not impede oxygen transportation is ...[AIIMS 1997 ]
0%
a) SO2
0%
b) SO3
0%
c) CO
0%
d) NO
Explanation
SO2 is the compound that dissolves in water but not in blood and so does not impede the oxygen transportation. Answer : (a)
Q.9
Protective respiratory blast is ... [ CET Chd. 2006 ]
0%
a) Hiccupping
0%
b) Sneezing
0%
c) Coughing
0%
d) All the above
Explanation
Sneezing typically occurs when foreign particles or sufficient external stimulants pass through the nasal hairs to reach the nasal mucosa. Answer : (b)
Q.10
In alveolar air, partial pressure of CO2 is ..... [ W.B. 2007]
0%
a) 40 mmHg
0%
b) 44 mmHg
0%
c) 44 mmHg
0%
d) 42 mmHg
Explanation
Answer : (a)
Q.11
Oxygen carried in inhalation ultimately reaches ... [ MPPMT 1998 ]
0%
a) Bronchioles
0%
b) Bronchus
0%
c) Trachea
0%
d) Alveoli
Explanation
Answer : (d)
Q.12
What is absolutely correct? [ CBSE 2006 ]
0%
a) Presence of nonrespiratory air sacs increases efficiency of respiration in birds
0%
b) In insects, circulating body fluids serve to distribute oxygen to tissues
0%
c) Principle of counter - current flow facilitates efficient respiration in gills of fishes
0%
d) Residual air in lungs slightly decreases the efficiency of respiration in mammals
Explanation
Diagram of respiratory system of insect Other options a, c,d are also correct to some extent but option b is absolutely correct Answer : (b)
Q.13
Combination of oxygen with haemoglobin in the lungs causes the haemoglobin to become a strong acid. It leads to:
0%
a) Bohr’s effect.
0%
b) Haldane effect.
0%
c) Herring breur reflex.
0%
d) Chloride shift.
Explanation
Answer:(b)
Q.14
During transport of CO2 blood does not become acidic due to .... [ CBSE 1995 ]
0%
a) Neutralisation of H2CO3 by Na2CO3
0%
b) Absorption of leucocytes
0%
c) Blood buffers
0%
d) Nonaccumulation
Explanation
Buffers in the Human Body. Blood contains large amounts of carbonic acid, a weak acid, and bicarbonate, a base. Together they help maintain the bloods pH at 7.4. The bicarbonate neutralizes excess acids in the blood while the carbonic acid neutralizes excess bases. Answer : (c)
Q.15
Vital capacity, the maximum volume of air a person can inhale, is measured with ... [ CET Chd.2010]
0%
a) Stethoscope
0%
b) Spirometer
0%
c) Aspirator
0%
d) Sphygmomanometer
Explanation
A spirometer is an apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs Answer : (b)
Q.16
Amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing is ...[DPMT 2003 ]
0%
a) 4.5 lit
0%
b) 3.5 lit
0%
c) 1.5 lit
0%
d) 0.5 lit
Explanation
Amount of air inspired or expired during normal breathing is called as Tidal volume which 0.5 L Answer : (d)
Q.17
According to Boyle's law, the product of pressure and volume is constant, hence ... [ KCET 2010 ]
0%
a) If volume of lung is increased, the pressure decreases proportionately
0%
b) If volume of lung is increased, the pressure also increases proportionately
0%
c) If volume of lung is increased, the pressure decreases disproportionately
0%
d) If volume of lungs is increased, the pressure remains the same
Explanation
Answer : (a)
Q.18
Oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin is ... [ BHU 1995 ]
0%
a) Sigmoid
0%
b) Hyperbolic
0%
c) Linear
0%
d) Hypobolic
Explanation
Oxygen dissociation curve are “S” shaped curve thence called as Sigmoid curve Answer : (a)
Q.19
Which is true ... [ kerala 2009 ]
0%
a) H+ ions released from carbonic acid combine with haemoglobin to form haemoglobinic acid
0%
b) Oxyhaemoglobin of erythrocytes is alkaline
0%
c) More than 70% of carbon dioxide is transferred from tissue to lungs as carbamino compounds
0%
d) In lungs oxygen from alveoli reaches blood through active transport
Explanation
Haemoglobinic acid :A very weak acid formed inside red blood cells when hydrogen ions combine with haemoglobin. The presence of the hydrogen ions, which are produced by the dissociation of carbonic acid, encourages oxyhaemoglobin to dissociate into haemoglobin and oxygen. The oxygen diffuses into the tissue cells and the haemoglobin acts as a buffer for the excess hydrogen ions, which it takes up to form haemoglobinic acid. Answer : (a)
Q.20
Capacity of human lungs for air in a healthy person is ... [ Odisha 2005 ]
0%
a) 6000 ml
0%
b) 3000 ml
0%
c) 1000 ml
0%
d) 500 ml
Explanation
Lung volumes and lung capacities refer to the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle. The average total lung capacity of an adult human male is about 6000 ml of air. Answer : (a)
Q.21
A molecule of haemoglobin carries oxygen molecules ... [ MPPMT 1997 ]
0%
a) 1
0%
b) 2
0%
c) 3
0%
d) 4
Explanation
Hemoglobin is made of four subunits (two alpha and two beta). Each subunit has a heme. Heme can bind oxygen. Thus, one hemoglobin can theoretically bind four molecules of oxygen. Answer : (d)
Q.22
Which one is mismatch .....
0%
a) Haemoglobin - Frog
0%
b) Myglobin - Mollusca
0%
c) Haemocyanin - Snail
0%
d) Haemoerythrin - Sipunculus
Explanation
Myoglobin is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals. Answer : (b)
Q.23
Oxygen carried by blood is liberated in [ CET Chd. 2000 ]
0%
a) Arteries
0%
b) Capillaries of body
0%
c) Capillaries of lungs
0%
d) Heart
Explanation
Blood Capillaries are the smallest of the body's blood vessels. They are only one cell thick, and they are the sites of the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from the bloodstream to other tissues in the body; they also collect carbon dioxide waste materials and fluids for return to the veins. Answer : (b)
Q.24
Common feature of human and insect trachea is .... [ AFMC 1994 ]
0%
a) Noncollapsible wall
0%
b) Supporting rings
0%
c) Ectodermal origin
0%
d) Endodermal origin
Explanation
A tracheal tube in insects develops as the invagination of the ectoderm. To prevent its collapse under pressure, a thin reinforcing wire' of cuticle called the taenidia winds spirally through. it's membranous wall. The trachea is composed of about 20 rings of tough cartilage Answer : (b)
Q.25
Carbon dioxide entering erythrocytes reacts with water to form carbonic acid. the enzyme is ...[ HPPMT 2001 ]
0%
a) Carbonic anhydrase
0%
b) Carboxypeptidase
0%
c) Hydrolase
0%
d) Oxidoreductase
Explanation
Carbonic anhydrase An enzyme present in red blood cells, aids in the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions. When red blood cells reach the lungs, the same enzyme helps to convert the bicarbonate ions back to carbon dioxide, which we breathe out. The enzyme carboxypeptidase A is secreted by the pancreas and is used to speed up this hydrolysis reaction. hydrolase or hydrolytic enzyme is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. Oxidoreductase, any member of a class of enzymes, commonly known as dehydrogenases or oxidases, that catalyze the removal of hydrogen atoms and electrons from the compounds on which they act. Answer : (a)
Q.26
Oxygen carrying capacity of blood is ....[ CPMT 1990 ]
0%
a) 20%
0%
b) 30%
0%
c) 40%
0%
d) 50%
Explanation
The maximum quantity of oxygen that will combine chemically with the hemoglobin in a unit volume of blood; normally it amounts to 1.34 ml of O2 per g of Hb or 20 ml of O2 per 100 mL of blood.or 20% Answer : (a)
Q.27
Wind pipe arises from ... [ COMED 2009 ]
0%
a) Larynx
0%
b) Nasopharynx
0%
c) Oropharynx
0%
d) Laryngopharynx
Explanation
windpipe ( trachea), is a cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx andlarynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all air-breathing animals with lungs. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi Answer : (a)
Q.28
Which is correct ... [ CPMT 2010 ]
0%
a) During inspiration, external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract
0%
b) Cyanosis means collapse of alveoli
0%
c) Eupnoea is slow breathing
0%
d) Coryza is caused by human corona virus
Explanation
Cyanosis: is defined as the bluish or purplish discolouration of the skin or mucous membranes due to the tissues near the skin surface having low oxygen saturation. Eupnoea: is normal, good, unlabored breathing, sometimes known as quiet breathing or resting respiratory rate. Coryza: catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose, caused especially by a cold or by hay fever, caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Answer : (a)
Q.29
Oxygen and carbon dioxide is transported in blood through ... [ CBSE 1996 ]
0%
a) Platelets and corpuscles
0%
b) RBCs and WBCs
0%
c) WBCs and serum
0%
d) RBCs and plasma
Explanation
Answer : (d)
Q.30
Carboxyhaemoglobin is converted into haemoglobin during the internal respiration because ... ..
0%
a) An enzyme splits oxyhaemoglobin
0%
b) Oxygen tension in tissues is less than capillary blood reaching tissues
0%
c) CO2 tension is low in blood that reaches tissues
0%
d) Oxyhaemoglobin is unstable
Explanation
Internal respiration occurs in the metabolizing tissues, where oxygen diffuses out of the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cells. Diffusion is due to partial pressure. Oxygen defuses out of tissue is due to lower partial pressure of oxygen in blood capillary reaching tissue. Or partial pressure of oxygen is more in tissue than blood in capillary Answer : (b)
Q.31
Mammalian lungs have numerous alveoli for ...[CPMT 1991 ]
0%
a) Increasing volume of inspired air
0%
b) Keeping the lungs in proper shape
0%
c) Higher number of muscles to provide greater elasticity
0%
d) Increasing surface area for gaseous diffusion.
Explanation
Answer : (d)
Q.32
Lack of pulmonary surfactant produces ... [ AMU 2009 ]
0%
a) Asthma
0%
b) Cystic fibrosis
0%
c) Respiratory distress syndrome
0%
d) Emphysema
Explanation
Pulmonary surfactant: Helps all alveoli in the lungs expand at the same rate, as one that expands more quickly will experience a large rise in surface tension slowing its rate of expansion. It also means the rate of shrinking is more regular, as if one reduces in size more quickly the surface tension will reduce more, so other alveoli can contract more easily than it can. Emphysema:respiratory disease where there is over-inflation of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs or uneven expansion and contraction of alveoli. Respiratory distress syndrome: is a syndrome in premature infants caused by developmental insufficiency of pulmonary surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lungs. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease that causes thickened mucus to form in the lungs, pancreas and other organs. In the lungs, this mucus blocks the airways, causing lung damage and making it hard to breathe. Answer : (c)
Q.33
Bicarbonate ion is produced inside ... [ MPPMT 2000 ]
0%
a) Lymphocytes
0%
b) Erythrocytes
0%
c) Neutrophils
0%
d) Basophils
Explanation
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is generated in tissues as a byproduct of normal metabolism. It dissolves in blood plasma to form carbonic acid (H2CO3); red blood cell (RBC) carbonic anhydrase catalyzes this reaction. Carbonic acid then spontaneously dissociates to form bicarbonate (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+) Answer : (b)
Q.34
Pleura is double membrane sac which ..[ JKCMEE 1992]
0%
a) Envelops the kidneys
0%
b) Envelops the brain
0%
c) Envelops the lungs
0%
d) Lines the nasal passage
Explanation
The Pleural Cavity is filled with a small amount of serous fluid which forms a thin film of liquid between the pleural layers. This is vital in that it prevents separation of the two pleural layers and lubricates the surface, so the lungs can move easily within the thoracic cavity. Answer : (c)
Q.35
Respiration movements are controlled by ... [ CPMT 1998 ]
0%
a) Cerebellum
0%
b) Cerebrum
0%
c) Medulla oblongata
0%
d) Crura cerebri
Explanation
The medulla oblongata helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing. This part of the brain is a center for respiration and circulation. Sensory and motor neurons (nerve cells) from the forebrain and midbrain travel through the medulla. Answer : (c)
Q.36
Which one has the smallest diameter ...[ kerala 2003 ]
0%
a) Right bronchus
0%
b) Left bronchus
0%
c) Secondary bronchiole
0%
d) Respiratory bronchiole
Explanation
Answer : (d)
Q.37
In Nereis, gaseous exchange occurs through ... [ Kerala 2000 ]
0%
a) Parapodia
0%
b) Gills
0%
c) Lungs
0%
d) Skin
Explanation
Nereis is a genus of polychaete worms in the family Nereidae in a polychaete worm , number of paired muscular bristle-bearing appendages used in locomotion, sensation, or respiration. Answer : (a)
Q.38
Forced deep breathing during rest for some time followed by temporary stoppage of breathing because of ...[BHU2005 ]
0%
a) Little CO2in blood
0%
b) Higher CO2 content in blood
0%
c) Higher oxygen content in blood
0%
d) Little oxygen content in blood
Explanation
The breathing centre located near the rear of the brain (medulla oblongata) regulates our breathing movements. This breathing centre uses special chemoreceptors to measure CO2 concentrations in the brain and arterial blood. Changes in CO2 produce the main effects on changes in the involuntary breathing pattern Answer : (a)
Q.39
Percentage of oxygen supplied by haemoglobin is .... [CPMT 1996 ]
0%
a) 97%
0%
b) 100%
0%
c) 49%
0%
d) 3%
Explanation
Only 3 percent of oxygen in the blood is dissolved directly into the blood itself. Most oxygen, 97 percent, is bound to a protein called hemoglobin and carried to the tissues. Answer : (a)
Q.40
Oxygen carrying capacity ofblood is reduced by ... [ AMU 2009 ]
0%
a) CO2
0%
b) CO
0%
c) SO2
0%
d) O3
Explanation
Carbon monoxide is better at binding tohaemoglobin than oxygen is – about 200 times better. Since the carbon monoxide sticks so tightly, there are fewer places for oxygen to bind to haemoglobin and decrease in free haemoglobin Answer : (b)
Q.41
The alveolar epithelium in the lung is ...[ CBSE 1990 ]
0%
a) Non-ciliated columnar
0%
b) Non-ciliated squamous
0%
c) Ciliated columnar
0%
d) Ciliated squamous
Explanation
In the lung, either of two types of epithelial cells lining the alveoli Type I cells are simple thin squamous epithelical cells Type II cells secrete pulmonary surfactant. Type II cells are small in size but more in number than type I Answer : (b)
Q.42
BCG vaccine is used to curb
0%
a) Pneumonia
0%
b) Tuberculosis
0%
c) Emphysema
0%
d) Small pox
Explanation
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis. Answer : (b)
Q.43
Rate of respiration is directly affected by ...[CPMT 1993 ]
0%
a) Concentration of carbon dioxide
0%
b) Oxygen in trachea
0%
c) Concentration of oxygen
0%
d) Diaphragm expansion
Explanation
In healthy individuals the presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels in the arterial blood is the stimulant that the Respiratory centre of brain responds to in order to signal the respiratory muscles to breathe or increases the respiratory rate to eliminate the excess Answer : (a)
Q.44
Carbonic anhydrase is mostly active in .... {MHCET 2011 ]
0%
a) RBC
0%
b) WBC
0%
c) Blood plasma
0%
d) Blood platelets
Explanation
carbonic anhydrase An enzyme present in red blood cells, aids in the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions. Answer : (a)
Q.45
Choose the right sequential phenomena during passage of O2 from blood to tissues P. Absorption of CO2 by blood Q. Reaction of CO2 with water forming H2CO3 inside RBCs and then H+ and HCO'3 ions R. Reaction of CO2 with water forming H2CO3 inside plasma followed by conversion into H+ and HCO'3 ions S. Combination of H+ with haeme part of HbO2 to release O2 T. Combination of HCO'3 with haeme part of HbO2 to release O2 to form reduced haemoglobin and release of O2
0%
a) P, R, S
0%
b) P, Q, T
0%
c) P, Q, S
0%
d) P, R, T
Explanation
Absorption of CO2 in blood carbonic anhydrase convert CO2 with water to produce H2CO3 Then dissociation of H2CO3 in to H+ and HCO3- Combination of H+ with haeme part of HbO2 to release O2 Answer : (c)
Q.46
About 97% of oxygen is transported by RBC, then remaining 3% is ... [ Kerala 2008 ]
0%
a) Retained in lungs
0%
b) Dissolved in plasma and transported
0%
c) Attached to cell membrane
0%
d) Inside mitochondria
Explanation
Only 3 percent of oxygen in the blood is dissolved directly into the blood itself. Most oxygen, 97 percent, is bound to a protein called hemoglobin and carried to the tissues. Answer : (b)
Q.47
Apnoea is ...[ DPMT 2001 ]
0%
a) Decreased ventilation
0%
b) Absence of breathing
0%
c) Laboured breathing
0%
d) Increased ventilation
Explanation
Apnoea is a term for suspension of external breathing. During apnea, there is no movement of the muscles of inhalation and the volume of the lungs initially remains unchanged. Answer : (b)
Q.48
The amount of air that moves in and out of the lung, with each normal inspiration and expiration is called ...[AFMC 2009 ]
0%
a) Residual volume
0%
b) Vital capacity
0%
c) Tidal volume
0%
d) Tidal capacity
Explanation
Tidal Volume: The amount of air which enters the lungs during normal inhalation at rest. The average tidal volume is 500ml Answer : (c)
Q.49
Haldane believes oxyhaemoglobin to act as ... [ RPMT 1996 ]
0%
a) Acid
0%
b) Alkali
0%
c) Buffer
0%
d) None of the above
Explanation
The general equation for the Haldane Effect is: H+ + HbO2 → H+Hb + O2; The significance of this equation lies in realizing that oxygenation of Hb promotes dissociation of H+ from Hb, which shifts the bicarbonate buffer equilibrium towards CO2 formation; therefore, CO2 is released from RBCs Answer : (c)
Q.50
Arrange the following in order of increasing volume .... [AIIMS 2007 ] Tidal volume residual volumeExpiratory reserve volume.Vital capacity
0%
a) 1 < 2 < 3 < 4
0%
b) 1 < 4 < 3 < 2
0%
c) 1 < 3 < 2 < 4
0%
d) 1 < 4 < 2 < 3
Explanation
Tidal Volume (TV)
0.5L
Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV)
2 to 3L
Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV)
1 to 1.1L
Residual Volume(RV)
1.1to 1.2L
Functional Residual Capacity(FRC) (ERV + RV)
2500 mL
Vital Capacity (VC) [T.V. + I.R.V. + E.R.V.]
3.5 to 4.5L
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) [RV+VC]
6000 mL
Minimal Volume (MV)
500 mL
inspiratory capacity (IC = IRV + VT)
6 L
Answer : (c)
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