During a phone call to the Psychic Network, Mark was told that "you often worry about things much more than you admit, even to your best friends." Mark's amazement at the psychic's apparent understanding of his personality best illustrates:
  • an external locus of control.
  • personality.
  • personality traits
  • the Barnum effect.
Freud suggested that the process of identification is most directly responsible for the development of:
  • the superego.
  • strong superego.
  • latent content.
  • passive dependence.
A person who experiences defensive self-esteem is ________ to demonstrate self-serving bias and is ________ to feel angry when criticized.
  • regression.
  • likely; likely
  • repression.
  • conscientiousness.
Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to disagree with Freud's assumption that:
  • cope effectively with stress.
  • some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase.
  • sexual drives are central to personality development.
  • secure self-esteem.
The MyersBriggs Type Indicator classifies people according to personality types identified by:
  • Carl Jung.
  • fixation.
  • regression.
  • feeling
A major difference between the psychoanalytic and trait perspectives is that:
  • all of the alternatives are differences.
  • psychosexual development.
  • a reactive autonomic nervous system.
  • the psychoanalytic perspective
Freud is to the psychoanalytic perspective as Allport is to the ________ perspective.
  • regression.
  • fixation.
  • anxiety.
  • trait
Freud believed that ________ are the "royal road to the unconscious."
  • latent content.
  • dreams
  • openness
  • anxiety.
Recent research has provided more support for defense mechanisms such as ________ than for defense mechanisms such as ________.
  • reaction formation; displacement
  • behavior inhibition; less
  • better able to cope with stress
  • repressive censoring
One of the Big Five personality factors is:
  • passive dependence.
  • agreeableness.
  • personality traits.
  • an extravert.
Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of:
  • the self-serving bias.
  • made no neurological sense.
  • conscientiousness.
  • reaction formation.
Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from:
  • unconscious thought.
  • free association.
  • defensive self-esteem.
  • feelings of inferiority.
The text defines personality as:
  • behavioral consistency
  • an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
  • all of the alternatives are differences.
  • the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a:
  • strong superego.
  • factor analysis
  • is not necessarily unusual.
  • strong ego
Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most closely related to one's level of creativity?
  • regression.
  • fixation.
  • openness
  • Development is essentially fixed in childhood.
Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates:
  • psychological processes.
  • an internal locus of control.
  • defensive self-esteem.
  • repression.
James attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude exemplifies:
  • self-serving bias
  • self-serving bias.
  • the collective unconscious
  • the self-serving bias.
The Oedipus and Electra complexes have their roots in the:
  • Carl Jung.
  • phallic stage.
  • psychoanalytic
  • behavioral consistency
Studies of college students' conscientiousness revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. This should make psychologists more cautious about overestimating the impact of ________ on behavior.
  • personality.
  • personality traits
  • rationalization.
  • displacement.
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing:
  • personality traits.
  • anxiety.
  • superego.
  • the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
Sasha believes that the questions on college tests are so unrelated to course work that studying is useless. Sasha's belief most clearly illustrates:
  • an external locus of control.
  • an exertion of energy.
  • is not necessarily unusual.
  • cope effectively with stress.
Research on selfperception indicates that most people:
  • a reactive autonomic nervous system.
  • view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others.
  • all of the alternatives are differences.
  • empirically derived and objective personality test.
Contemporary psychologists are least likely to agree with Freud's belief that:
  • unconscious thought.
  • conscience and gender identity form during the process of resolving the Oedipus complex.
  • the psychoanalytic perspective
  • some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase.
The parallel processing of distinctive dimensions of a visual scene such as movement, color, and shape best illustrate the importance of:
  • unconscious thought.
  • social attachment styles.
  • personality traits.
  • strong superego.
The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of:
  • have weak superegos.
  • phallic stage.
  • behavioral consistency
  • false consensus effect.
According to the psychoanalytic perspective, a child who frequently "slips" and calls her teacher "mom" probably:
  • cope effectively with stress.
  • has some unresolved conflicts concerning her mother.
  • sexual drives are central to personality development.
  • "I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing."
Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of:
  • reaction formation.
  • likely; likely
  • repression.
  • self-serving bias.
Accepting ourselves without undue dependence on the approval of others best illustrates:
  • secure self-esteem.
  • better able to cope with stress
  • psychosexual development.
  • self-serving bias
Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a:
  • id; superego
  • made no neurological sense.
  • reaction formation.
  • projection.
Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it.
  • false consensus effect.
  • describing; explaining
  • self-serving bias.
  • behavioral consistency
A psychoanalyst would characterize a person who is impulsive and self-indulgent as possessing a strong ________ and a weak ________.
  • phallic
  • id; superego
  • reaction formation.
  • repression.
A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as:
  • free association.
  • factor analysis
  • rationalization.
  • extravert; stimulation
A frontal lobe area involved in ________ is ________ active in extraverts than in introverts.
  • self-serving bias
  • self-serving bias.
  • describing; explaining
  • behavior inhibition; less
According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the:
  • self-serving bias.
  • id.
  • superego.
  • our biological impulses and the social restraints against them
Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait?
  • the Barnum effect.
  • openness
  • free association.
  • factor analysis
Marcy believes that the outcome of athletic contests depends so much on luck that it hardly pays to put any effort into her own athletic training. Her belief most clearly illustrates:
  • an exertion of energy.
  • factor analysis
  • defensive self-esteem.
  • an external locus of control.
Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as:
  • superego.
  • trait
  • fixation.
  • latent content.
Freud emphasized that emotional healing is associated with the:
  • preconscious.
  • recovery of repressed memories.
  • the superego.
  • childhood sexual instincts.
Resisting the temptation to eat chocolate chip cookies led research participants to subsequently give up sooner than normal on efforts to complete a tedious task. This illustrated that self-control weakens following:
  • reaction formation; displacement
  • an external locus of control.
  • defensive self-esteem.
  • an exertion of energy.
Bonnie is afraid to express anger at her overbearing and irritating supervisor at work, so she is critical of her children instead. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates:
  • agreeableness.
  • displacement.
  • fixation.
  • factor analysis
According to psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with:
  • secure self-esteem.
  • id.
  • the Oedipus complex.
  • projection.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n):
  • consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.
  • a reactive autonomic nervous system.
  • empirically derived and objective personality test.
  • some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase.
Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages proposed by Freud?
  • oral; anal; phallic; latency; genital
  • self-serving bias
  • all of the alternatives are differences.
  • do more than one of the alternatives.
People's scores on a test of extraversion are likely to be most strongly correlated with the number of social conversations they initiate during the course of a single:
  • MMPI.
  • fixation.
  • month.
  • feeling
Forgotten memories that we can easily recall were said by Freud to be:
  • regression.
  • anxiety.
  • preconscious.
  • the superego.
According to Freud, fixation refers to a difficulty in the process of:
  • superego.
  • psychosexual development.
  • use a personality inventory.
  • secure self-esteem.
Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate:
  • self-serving bias
  • made no neurological sense.
  • regression.
  • self-serving bias.
Laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. Laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of:
  • personality.
  • extravert; stimulation
  • psychosexual development.
  • an external locus of control.
Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates:
  • expressive styles.
  • repressive censoring
  • self-serving bias.
  • false consensus effect.
Reaction formation refers to the process by which people:
  • preconscious.
  • some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase.
  • the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
  • consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.
Recent research on the Big Five personality factors provides evidence that:
  • Development is essentially fixed in childhood.
  • There is no evidence of anything like an "unconscious."
  • erogenous zones.
  • some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase.
Id is to ego as ________ is to ________.
  • the psychoanalytic perspective
  • reality principle; pleasure principle
  • pleasure principle; reality principle
  • sexual drives are central to personality development.
The stability of personality traits is best illustrated by the consistency of:
  • passive dependence.
  • have weak superegos.
  • self-serving bias.
  • expressive styles.
Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are especially likely to exhibit:
  • personality traits.
  • expressive styles.
  • the superego.
  • passive dependence.
Dayna is not very consistent in showing up for class and turning in assignments when they are due. Research studies would suggest that Dayna's inconsistent behavior:
  • is not necessarily unusual.
  • strong superego.
  • cope effectively with stress.
  • person-situation controversy.
Contemporary psychodynamic theorists assume that childhood experiences have long-term consequences for our:
  • social attachment styles.
  • conscience and gender identity form during the process of resolving the Oedipus complex.
  • behavior inhibition; less
  • repressive censoring
By professional training, Freud was a:
  • agreeableness.
  • psychoanalysis
  • physician.
  • fixation.
Factor analysis has been used to identify the most basic:
  • psychoanalysis
  • phallic stage.
  • personality traits.
  • preconscious.
Neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney believed that:
  • sexual drives are central to personality development.
  • Freud placed too great an emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts.
  • childhood sexual instincts.
  • a reactive autonomic nervous system.
Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires.
  • anal
  • personality.
  • ego
  • strong ego
Four-year-old Timmy has not wet his bed for over a year. However, he starts bed-wetting again soon after his sister is born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates:
  • repression.
  • an internal locus of control.
  • regression.
  • the self-serving bias.
Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development?
  • Jung
  • fixation.
  • MMPI
  • superego.
Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms:
  • made no neurological sense.
  • self-serving bias.
  • repression.
  • reaction formation.
People respond to stress with greater anxiety if they have:
  • better able to cope with stress
  • empirically derived and objective personality test.
  • pleasure principle; reality principle
  • a reactive autonomic nervous system.
According to Freud, the unconscious is:
  • the collective unconscious
  • Freud placed too great an emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts.
  • some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase.
  • the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware.
Freud suggested that the remembered events and images in our dreams were a censored expression of the dream's:
  • latent content.
  • fixation.
  • an oral fixation.
  • defensive self-esteem.
When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a:
  • strong ego
  • erogenous zones.
  • superego.
  • unconscious thought.
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