Definition: Benefits that are offered by groups (usually citizens groups) as an incentive for membership but that are nondivisible and therefore are available to nonmembers of the particular groupSentence: Collective goods, are by definition, benefits that must be shared; they cannot be granted or withheld on an individual basis.
  • free-rider problem
  • Material incentive
  • Collective (Public) goods
  • Single-issue politics
Definition: An economic or other tangible benefit that is used to attract group membersSentence: For example, workers in the stae of Michigan cannot hold automobile assembly jobs unless they belong to the United Auto Workers. The material incentive is the economic lure of a high-paying job.
  • Issue network
  • Material incentive
  • Iron triangle
  • Outside lobbying
Definition: A small and informal by relatively stable group of well-positioned legislatorsr, executives, and lobbyists who seek to promote policies beneficial to a particular interestSentence: The three corners of the iron triangle are government agency, congressional subgroup, and interest groups.
  • Issue network
  • Iron triangle
  • Interest group
  • Political action committee (pac)
Definition: A form of lobbying designed to persuade officials that a group's policy position has strong constituent supportSentence: An example of a major grassroot lobby system is the American Association of Retired Persons.
  • Grassroots lobbying
  • Economic groups
  • Citizens (noneconomic) groups
  • Inside lobbying
Definition: The organization through which an interest group raises and distributes funds for election purposes.Sentence: By law, the funds of the PAC must be raised through voluntary contributions.
  • Purposive incentive
  • Private (individual) goods
  • Interest group
  • Political action committee (PAC)
Definition: The situation in which separate groups are organized around nearly every coneivable policy isuue and press their demands and influence to the utmostSentence: Because of single issue politics many observes are of the opinion that groups have achieved too much influence over public policy in recent decades.
  • Collective (Public) goods
  • Single-issue politics
  • lobbying
  • free-rider problem
Definition: An incentivee to group participation based on the cause (purpose) that the group seeks to promoteSentence: Whether a group's goal is to protect the environment or reduce the threat of war, people will be willing to participate simply for the purposive incentive of helping a cause they believe in.
  • Private (individual) goods
  • Interest group
  • Political action committee (PAC)
  • Purposive incentive
Definition: The tendency of public officials to support the policy demands of self-interest groups.Sentence: the interest-group liberalism is opposed to judging policy demands according to whether they serve a larger conception of "the public interest".
  • free-rider problem
  • Interest-group liberalism
  • lobbying
  • Single-issue politics
Definition: An informal and relatively open network of public officials and lobbyists who have a common interest in a given area and who are brought together by a proposed policy in that area.Sentence: Unlike an iron triangle, an issue network disbands after the issue is resolved.
  • Issue network
  • Lobbying
  • Interest group
  • Iron triangle
Definition: The process by which interest group members or lobbyists attempt to influence public policy through contacts with public officialsSentence: The two main lobbying strategies are "inside lobbying" and "outside lobbying", and each involves communication between public officials.
  • lobbying
  • Single-issue politics
  • free-rider problem
  • Iron triangle
Definition: Organized interests formed by individuals drawn together by opportunities to promote a cause in which they believe but that does not provide them significant individual economic benefitsSentence: The members of citizen groups are in this category because they are drawn together not by the promise of direct economic gain but by purposive incentives
  • Citizens (noneconomic) groups
  • Economic groups
  • Grassroots lobbying
  • Inside lobbying
Definition: A form of lobbying in which an interest group seeks to use public pressure as a means of influencing officialsSentence: Groups make use of constituency connections when it is advantageous for them to do so, which is why they are involved in outside lobbying
  • Outside lobbying
  • Issue network
  • Iron triangle
  • Material incentive
Definition: Interest groups that are organized primarily for economic reasons but that engage in political activity in order to seek favorable policies from government.Sentence: The AFL-CIO is an example of an economic group that concentrates on labor policies but also take positions on other foreign and domestic issues.
  • Economic groups
  • Inside lobbying
  • Grassroots lobbying
  • Citizens (noneconomic) groups
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