Multiple Choice Questions

relationship between the number of inhabitants and the area they occupy
  • arithmetic density
  • carrying capacity
  • population distribution
  • population density
those parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; included are manufacturing, construction, and power generation
  • primary activities
  • industrialization
  • secondary activities
  • quaternary activities
a system of production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by a governmental agency, in quantities, at prices, and in locations determined by governmental program
  • Gravity model
  • planned economy
  • gerrymandering
  • Migration patterns
Economic activities that revolve around getting raw materials from the earth.
  • Primary economic activities
  • Gross domestic product (GDP)
  • third wave of democratization
  • Define the medical revolution.
the importance of proper conduct; no churches or clergy; worship of ancestors encouraged
  • Islam
  • Buddhism
  • Confucianism
  • Taoism
the truthfulness of origins, attributions, commitments, sincerity, devotion, and intentions; the quality of being authentic
  • commodification
  • acculturation
  • authenticity
  • placelessness
annual number of deaths per 1000 population; without regard to the age or sex composition of that population (mortality rate)
  • crude death rate (CDR)
  • Arithmetic Density
  • basic sector
  • natural resource
Based on the cardinal points of North, South, East, and West. These appear uniformly and independently in all cultures, derived from obvious givens of nature
  • absolute direction
  • Migration patterns
  • economies of scale
  • just-in-time production
a state whose territory is identical to that occupied by a particular ethnic group or nation
  • nation
  • state
  • colony
  • nation-state
A hypothetical portion of the earth's surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like.
  • sector model
  • Infant Mortality Rate
  • renewable resource
  • uniform (isotropic) plain
This is an adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful. This relates to human geography because it has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. Which shows as the world changes so do the things surrounding it
  • Chain Migration
  • Distance Decay
  • Cohort
  • Maladaptation
process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or to another across space
  • diffusion
  • distribution
  • stimulus diffusion
  • expansion diffusion
belief in a single God laid the foundation of both Christianity and Islam
  • Hinduism
  • Islam
  • Christianity
  • Judaism
unit of learned behavior ranging from language spoken, tools used, games played etc
  • culture complex
  • culture region
  • culture trait
  • cultural diffusion
the nucleus or "downtown" of a city, where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated, mass transit systems converge, and land values and building densities are high
  • cultural divergence
  • tertiary activity
  • Self-sufficiency approach
  • central business district (CBD)
Theory that exemplifies the structuralist perspective, arguing that the political and economic relations among countries limit the ability of less-developed countries to modernize and develop.
  • Ecotourism
  • Dependency theory
  • Colonialism
  • Imperialism
external economics : the savings to an individual enterprise derived from locational association with a cluster of other similar economic activities, such as factories or retail stores
  • agglomeration economics
  • Assimilation
  • population projection
  • material orientation
refers to the social movements for a particular group of people to separate from the dominant political institution under which they suffer
  • dependency ratio
  • Export-processing zone
  • What is projection?
  • separatist movement
comprises the religious, institutional, and cultural elements of the most populace branch of the Latte Day Saint movement
  • Fordism
  • Confucianism
  • mormonism
  • fundamentalism
urban center disproportionately larger than the 2nd largest city; dominates the country's social, political, and economic activities
  • economic base
  • central place
  • primate city
  • gravity model
an English economist and demographer; all biological populations have a potential for increase that exceeds the actual rate of increase, and the resources for the support of increase are limited
  • Malthus
  • Adaptation
  • Carrying Capacity
  • Natural Selection
branch of Islam; orthodox/traditionalist; believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems; accept traditions of Muhammad as authoritative
  • folklore
  • state
  • Remote sensing
  • sunni
Total fertility rate. The average number of births a woman will have in her lifetime during her childbearing years.
  • What is CBR?
  • What is TFR?
  • What is culture?
  • genetic drift
movement by a dissident minority intent to achieve partial or total independence of territory it occupies from the state within which it lies
  • toxic waste
  • autonomous nationalism
  • limiting factor principle
  • soil erosion
when two regions through an exchange of commodities can specifically satisfy each others demands
  • connectivity
  • comparative advantage
  • supranationalism
  • complementarity
a term suggesting the great increases in food production, primarily in subtropical areas, accomplished through the introduction of very high-yielding grain crops, particularly wheat, maize, and rice
  • dowry death
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Green Revolution
  • Who was the first person to use the word 'geography'?
Giving a price tag or value to something that was not previously perceived as having a money-related value.
  • Commodification
  • Glocalization
  • Cultural Appropriation
  • Material Culture
distinct sizable nodal concentration of retail and office space of lower than central city densities and situated on the outer fringes of older metropolitan areas; usually localized by or near major highway intersections
  • primate city
  • city
  • world city
  • edge city
(syn zonal model) a model describing urban land uses as a series of circular belts or rings around a core CBD, each ring housing a distinct type of land use
  • concentric zone model
  • relocation diffusion
  • gentrification
  • sector model
if pidgin becomes the first language of a group of speakers; may have lost their former native tongue; acquire more complex grammatical structure and enhanced vocabulary
  • creole
  • dialect
  • lingua franca
  • pidgin
When using a shorter haul distance is more expensive that one long haul distance.
  • quinary activities
  • primary activities
  • outsourcing: 2
  • short-haul penalty
A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.
  • frontier
  • capital
  • geometric boundary
  • physical boundary
The tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially and economically allied by past migration patterns, by economic and trade connections, or by some other affinity
  • chain migration
  • intervening opportunity
  • channelized migration
  • activity space
collection of culture complexes that shaper a group's common identity
  • fundamentalism
  • aquaculture
  • Culture system
  • Cultural landscape
Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.
  • landlocked
  • race
  • exclave
  • rates
mineral deposits that have been identified and can be recovered at current prices and with current technology
  • usable resources
  • material culture
  • folk culture
  • folkways
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
  • creole
  • Ecumene
  • exclave
  • ghetto
A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.
  • Primate city
  • Economic base
  • Gravity model
  • Rank-size rule
Process that redefines and simplifies manufacturing by reducing inventory levels and delivering raw materials just when they are needed on the production line
  • Liberal development theories
  • What is a mental map?
  • just-in-time production
  • centrifugal force
Policies that favor oversight of foreign direct investment and outsourcing to ensure that workers throughout the world are guaranteed a living wage for their work, enough to survive in their home countries.
  • Transhumance
  • Outsourcing
  • Globalization
  • Fair trade
An input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located.
  • resource dispute
  • spatially fixed cost
  • satisficing location
  • spatially variable cost
The likelihood or tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar with the passage of time.
  • Contagious diffusion
  • cultural divergence
  • in-transit privilege
  • democratization
abstract belief systems
  • artifact
  • mentifact
  • syncretism
  • custom
Positive effects of agglomeration for clustered industries and for the consumers of their products, often in the form of lower costs to the industries and consumers.
  • Population pyramid
  • Just-in-time production
  • Agglomeration economy
  • Comparative advantage
those parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; includes manufacturing, construction, and power generation
  • agglomeration
  • quaternary activity
  • primary activity
  • secondary activity
bring together parts of a country under one government (ex: Germany)
  • regionalism
  • reunification
  • ethnic cleansing
  • privatization
religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus
  • buddhism
  • judaism
  • christianity
  • islam
place or space people infuse with religious meaning
  • sacred space
  • reincarnation
  • acculturation
  • folk culture
the way people categorize their culture, sometimes by the way they dress and what they eat
  • cultural identity
  • natural landscape
  • replacement level
  • material orientation
the look of housing, effected by the available materials, the environment the house is in, and the popular culture of the time
  • architectural form
  • adaptive strategies
  • possibilism
  • cultural landscape
Alex con Humboldt and Carl Ritter.
  • What is a functional region?
  • Who were the pioneers of environmental determinism?
  • Ratzel
  • Crude Death Rate
A state that is not contiguous whole but rather separated parts.(ex. Indonesia)
  • elongated state
  • fragmented state
  • compact state
  • nation-state
technique of obtaining information about objects through the study of data collected by special instruments that are not in physical contact with the objects being analyzed
  • decolonization
  • freight rates
  • Remote sensing
  • primary activity
Place where technology and computer industries agglomerate.
  • elongated state
  • High-tech corridor (technopole)
  • Spatial perspective
  • What countries does the Southeast Asian region include?
The position that something occupies on Earth's surface.
  • critical distance
  • What is location?
  • ethnic cleansing
  • religious toponyms
decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin
  • gravity model
  • friction of distance
  • remote sensing
  • distance decay
the process by which individuals evaluate the alternative locations to which they might move
  • spatial search
  • spatial margin of profitability
  • movement bias
  • place utility
The body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people.
  • authenticity
  • chain migration
  • place perception
  • What is culture?
Defined by geographer James Curtis as the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood
  • barrioization
  • commodification
  • glocalization
  • blockbusting
people who speak a common language
  • ethnic group
  • speech community
  • language family
  • syncretism
an integrated software package for handling, processing, and analyzing geographical data and computer database in which every item of information is tied to a precise geographic location
  • least-cost theory (Weber)
  • Reilly's law
  • geographic information system
  • Undocumented Immigrants
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
  • acculturation
  • Sex ratio
  • electoral regions
  • conurbation
tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups; practice of judging another culture by one's own standards
  • ethnocentrism
  • syncretism
  • nationalism
  • racism
Measurement tool of calculating exchange rates so that each currency buys an equal amount of goods as every other currency.
  • Purchasing power parity (PPP)
  • Gross domestic product (gdp)
  • Human development index (hdi)
  • Comparative advantage
(syn natural boundary) a boundary line based on recognizable physiographic features, such as mountains or rivers
  • geometric boundary
  • physical boundary
  • natural boundary
  • frontier
the city that is the seat of government of a state, nation, or province
  • capital
  • glocalization
  • Doubling Time
  • city-state
a crop or livestock system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit area of land. May be part of either a subsistence or a commercial economy
  • economies of scale
  • green revolution
  • shifting cultivation
  • extensive agriculture
changes to a culture that result from ideas created within the social group and adopted by the culture
  • diffusion
  • innovation
  • technology
  • acculturation
the practice of allowing plowed or cultivated land to remain uncropped or only partially cropped for one or more growing seasons
  • blockbusting
  • terracing
  • fallowing
  • projection
derived by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate; increases or decreases due to migration are not included
  • infant mortality rate
  • dependency ratio
  • zero population growth
  • rate of natural increase
The arrangement of a feature in a space.
  • Intervening Opportunity
  • cultural integration
  • What is distribution?
  • What is the International Date Line?
The total number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in the population
  • ethnic conflict
  • Crude Death Rate
  • law of retail gravitation
  • Asian tigers
A belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for too few resources. Named for Thomas Malthus, who predicted a dismal cycle of misery, vice, and starvation as a result of human overpopulation
  • decolonization
  • uniform region
  • Neo-Malthusian
  • culture region
The portion of Earth's surface permanently occupied by humans.
  • What is CBR?
  • What is ecumene?
  • What is cultural landscape?
  • culture region
the physical and cultural characteristics and attributes of the place itself
  • toponym
  • situation
  • scale
  • site
discarded chemical substances that can cause serous illness or death
  • Brain Drain
  • gender gap
  • toxic waste
  • remote sensing
a code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide exclusive economic zones
  • Industrial Revolution
  • universalizing
  • United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
  • Fordism
origin in the life and teachings of Jesus, a Jewish preacher of the 1st century; promised Messiah; salvation to all races not just Jews
  • Christianity
  • Buddhism
  • Judaism
  • Islam
Measurement developed by the United Nations to rank development levels of countries.
  • ethnic conflict
  • Human Development Index (HDI)
  • creole
  • Boserup thesis
the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad
  • hajj
  • non material culture
  • What is demography?
  • Define the medical revolution.
Network of business transactions that are not reported and therefore not included in the country's GDP and official economic projection.
  • Informal sector
  • Gentrification
  • Infrastructure
  • Basic sector
A state with a long, narrow shape. (Example. Chile)
  • elongated state
  • language family
  • intensive agriculture
  • functional region
the number of people per unit area of land
  • Population Density
  • Distribution
  • Physiological Density
  • Crude Density
Area organized around a node or focal point. The characteristic chosen to define this kind of region dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward. This region is tied to the central point by transportation or communication systems or by economic or functional associations. (nodal region)
  • footloose firm
  • material orientation
  • functional region
  • natural resource
relationship between population growth and economic development; traces the changing levels of human fertility and mortality associated with industrialization and urbanization
  • technological subsystem
  • primary activity
  • demographic transition
  • comparative advantage
Spatially, devolutionary events most often occur on the margins of the state.
  • democratization
  • spatial force
  • devolution
  • balkanization
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.
  • Chain Migration
  • Guest Workers
  • Refugees
  • Transhumance
a curve that depicts logistic growth; shape of an "S." The leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth.
  • Carrying Capacity
  • J-curve
  • Natality
  • S-Curve
1.2%
  • physiological density
  • muslim pilgrimage
  • The worlds NIR in the first decade of the 21st century is...?
  • tragedy of the commons
the zone of privacy and separation from others our culture or our physical circumstances require or permit
  • Relative location
  • Big Mac Index
  • mortality rate
  • personal space
when states argue about the location of the border
  • What is situation?
  • segregation
  • perceptual region
  • positional dispute
a distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory
  • nation-state
  • enclave
  • frontier
  • exclave
simple measure of the number of economic dependents, old or young, that each 100 people in the productive years must support
  • physiological density
  • population pyramid
  • life expectancy
  • dependency ratio
in industry, the tendency to substitute one factor of production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location
  • Special economic zone
  • Relocation diffusion
  • international organization
  • substitution principle
tribal religion; involves community acceptance of a shaman, religious leader, healer, and worker of magic who can intercede with the spirit world
  • buddhism
  • shamanism
  • islam
  • christianity
group of languages descended from a single, earlier tongue
  • dialect
  • language group
  • language family
  • lingua franca
Large-scale emigration by talented people.
  • Expansion Diffusion
  • Brain Drain
  • Transhumance
  • Chain Migration
Manufacturing process that takes raw materials and converts them into a product that is lighter than the raw materials that went into making the finished product.
  • primary activities
  • Weight-losing process
  • material culture
  • Structural adjustments
The method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a map.
  • place utility
  • What is projection?
  • Physical geography
  • What is a place?
Together with China and Japan, the four Asian Tigers make up the core of the Asian economic engine.
  • Exclusive Economic zone (eez)
  • Pacific Rim economic region
  • Privatization
  • Outsourcing
a gathering of an ethnic group
  • ethnic conclave
  • ethnic group
  • ghetto
  • plural society
expected and accepted patterns of interpersonal relations in economic, political, military, religious and other associations
  • sociological subsystem
  • market orientation
  • political geography
  • What is overpopulation?
the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group
  • segregation
  • reincarnation
  • relative location
  • acculturation
Rise in the average temperature on the earth as a result of the buildup of chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and other polluting outputs of industrialization.
  • Demographic Momentum
  • resource dispute
  • Greenhouse effect
  • dependency ratio
all types of human territorial movement
  • innovation
  • mobility
  • raison d'etre
  • monolingual
the informational counterpart of that person's activity space
  • personal communication field
  • return migration
  • pull factor
  • place utility
It continues to grow, because CBR is higher than CDR.
  • What countries does the South Asian region include?
  • What is overall population like during stage 3?
  • What is a map?
  • What is space-time compression?
religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence
  • religious extremism
  • shintoism
  • religious fundamentalism
  • secularism
primary activities involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources
  • adaptive strategies
  • extractive industry
  • shifting cultivation
  • intensive agriculture
a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone
  • Cultural Diffusion
  • Command Economy
  • Sustainability
  • Standard of Living
a trait that many cultural hearths that develop independent of each other
  • acculturation
  • spatial interaction
  • independent invention
  • diffusion
the amount of spread of a phenomenon over an area
  • population density
  • dispersion
  • demography
  • carrying capacity
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
  • Overpopulation
  • Arithmetic density
  • Physiological density
  • Agricultural density
a division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population.
  • population geography
  • population density
  • population pyramid
  • population distribution
the idea that if a nation falls under communist control, nearby nations will also fall under communist control
  • imperialism
  • iron curtain
  • containment
  • domino theory
the time required for a population to double in size assuming constant rate
  • Doubling Time
  • labor intensive
  • ethnic island
  • Sex ratio
the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century
  • Brain Drain
  • Population Pyramid
  • Carrying Capacity
  • Population Explosion
When a physical feature such as a mountain or river determine a political boundary
  • global-local continuum
  • geometric boundary
  • consequent boundary
  • natural/physical boundary
Growth of manufacturing activity in an economy or a region; usually occurs alongside a decrease in the number of primary economic activities within a country.
  • Industrialization
  • Agriculture
  • Nationalism
  • Globalization
acts to homogenize neighboring populations via interbreeding. No scientific basis for race
  • Standard of Living
  • gene flow
  • exclave
  • fragmented state
a branch of human geography concerned with the spatial analysis of political phenomena
  • political geography
  • Contagious diffusion
  • electoral regions
  • economic geography
It continues to decline, but not as rapidly as in stage 2.
  • What is expansion diffusion?
  • What is the International Date Line?
  • What happens to CDR during stage 3?
  • What is a formal region?
Investment by a multinational corporation in a foreign country's economy.
  • Human development index (hdi)
  • Purchasing power parity (ppp)
  • Gross domestic product (gdp)
  • Foreign direct investment
the seazone extending 200 nautical miles from the coast over which a state has special rights as to the exploration and use of marine resources
  • Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
  • Gerrymandering
  • Sovereignty
  • Exclave
uninhabited or very sparsely occupied zone (anecumene)
  • Mental map
  • Deglomeration
  • nonecumene
  • positional dispute
estimate of future population size, age, and sex composition
  • spatial distribution
  • What is projection?
  • territorial morphology
  • population projection
the established dominant group
  • ethnicity
  • host society
  • ethnocentrism
  • genetic drift
The circumstance under which the locational decision of a particular firm is influenced by the locations chosen by competitors.
  • What is relocation diffusion?
  • primary activity
  • geomancy (feng shui)
  • locational interdependence (Hotelling)
An MNC relocating a piece (or all) of its manufacturing operations to factories in other countries.
  • Agglomeration
  • Globalization
  • Offshoring
  • Outsourcing
a physically occurring item that a population perceives to be necessary and useful to its maintenance and well-being; also resource
  • natural resource
  • environment
  • capital
  • agriculture
a major ecological community, including plants and animals, occupying an extensive earth area
  • Outsourcing
  • nation-state
  • rates
  • biome
This is when the projection population shows exponential growth; sometimes shape as a j-curve. This is important because if the population grows exponential our resource use will go up exponential and so will our use as well as a greater demand for food and services.
  • Mortality
  • S-curve
  • J-Curve
  • Natality
(synonym Weberian analysis) the view that the optimum location ofa manufacturing establishment is at the place where the costs of transport and labor and the advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration are most favorable
  • proselytic religion
  • least-cost theory (Weber)
  • Judaism
  • least-cost theory
a large agricultural holding, frequently foreign owned, devoted to the production of a single export crop
  • crop rotation
  • plantation
  • agriculture
  • segregation
(syn cultural assimilation) integration into a common cultural life through shared experience, language, intermarriage, and sense of history; rough equivalent of acculturation
  • ideological subsytem
  • agglomeration economics
  • locational interdependence (Hotelling)
  • behavioral assimilation
The territorial nucleus from which a country grows in an area and over time, often containing the national capital and the main center of commerce, culture, and industry.
  • core area
  • geopolitics
  • exclave
  • suffrage
belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope
  • acculturation
  • built environment
  • lingua franca
  • universalizing
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
  • Brain Drain
  • Chain Migration
  • Expansion Diffusion
  • Step Migration
societies in which two or more languages are in common use
  • syncretism
  • lingua franca
  • multilingualism
  • ethnocentrism
(syn isotropic plain) a hypothetical portion of the earth's surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like
  • social distance
  • uniform plain
  • tertiary activities
  • hazardous waste
Asserts that an industry will choose to move to access lower labor costs despite higher transportation costs.
  • satisficing location
  • multilinear evolution
  • Substitution principle
  • ubiquitous industry
occurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another ina leveled pattern
  • Expansion diffusion
  • Hierarchical diffusion
  • Stimulus diffusion
  • Contagious diffusion
Balance between the pace of human development and the environment that supports that development. A level of development that does not destroy the earth's ability to regenerate its resource supply for future generations of inhabitants of the earth.
  • Carrying capacity
  • Sustainability
  • Sustainable development
  • Nonrenewable resource
Yangtze and Huang.
  • Name some of the fertile valleys in China that population is clustered around/in.
  • What is density?
  • geographic dialect
  • economies of scale
A process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.
  • cultural appropriation
  • What is globalization?
  • Structural adjustments
  • reapportionment
the principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trades exists
  • Population Distribution
  • comparative advantage
  • quaternary activity
  • nonmaterial culture
the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values , of a group of people
  • folk culture
  • maladapted diffusion
  • culture
  • non material culture
two cities will attract trade from intermediate locales in direct proportion to the populations of the two cities and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the two cities to the intermediate place(Reilly's Law)
  • gravity model
  • hierarchical diffusion
  • reilly's law
  • law of retail gravitation
the observation that in the absence of collective control over the use of a resource available to all, it is to the advantage of all users to maximize their separate shares even though their collective pressures may diminish total yield or destroy the resource altogether
  • sustainability
  • tragedy of the commons
  • sustainable development
  • nonrenewable resource
Group of people who share common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or combination of such characteristics
  • culture
  • ethnic group
  • race
  • ethnicity
used to explain common characteristics of widely separated cultures developed under similar ecological circumstances
  • ideological subsytem
  • multiplier effect: urban geography
  • material orientation
  • multilinear evolution
Process that takes raw materials and creates a heavier final product.
  • electoral regions
  • Spatially variable costs
  • weight reduction
  • Weight-gaining process
religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy
  • confucianism
  • religious extremism
  • secularism
  • religious fundamentalism
The total number of farmers per unit of arable land.
  • What is pattern?
  • What is agricultural density?
  • Foreign direct investment
  • total fertility rate (TFR)
Economic activities related to processing raw materials (acquired through primary activities) into a finished product of greater value.
  • Secondary economic activities
  • maximum sustainable yield
  • Special economic zone
  • secondary activity
denote social class and educational level
  • cultural integration
  • Zero Population Growth
  • place utility
  • social dialect
Migration within a country
  • cultural integration
  • Internal Migration
  • territorial dispute
  • population projection
traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places
  • traditional architecture
  • adaptation
  • cultural landscape
  • material culture
Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.
  • ethnicity
  • desertification
  • state
  • territoriality
the statistical study of human population
  • mortality
  • epidemiology
  • immigration
  • demography
two cities will attract trade from intermediate locales in direct proportion to the populations of the two cities and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the two cities to the intermediate place (law of retail gravitation)
  • Reilly's law
  • Push factor
  • Global commons
  • Personal space
a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs
  • ethnic group
  • ghetto
  • ethnic neighborhood
  • culture
any aggregate control on or regularity of movement of people, commodities, or communication. (Included are distance bias, direction bias, and network bias.)
  • place utility
  • movement bias
  • forced migration
  • longevity gap
time it takes for a population to double if the present growth rate remains constant
  • doubling time
  • life expectancy
  • dependency ratio
  • overpopulation
the point of intersection of demand and supply curves of a given commodity; at equilibrium the market is cleared of the commodity
  • market equilibrium
  • Contagious diffusion
  • Sustainability
  • Physical geography
"submission" to the will of God; springs from Judaic roots; many similar beliefs
  • Christianity
  • Buddhism
  • Judaism
  • Islam
Hypothesis proposed by Halford MacKinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.
  • Heartland Theory
  • Geopolitics
  • Colonialism
  • Supranationalism
number of people per unit area of land (arithmetic density)
  • physiological density
  • distribution
  • population density
  • crude density
Hearths.
  • Factors with similar distributions have what?
  • Humans sparsely inhabit lands that are too...
  • population density
  • Innovations spread from the place they originated, called...
Value of total output of goods and services produced in a country, usually over one year.
  • Gross domestic product (GDP)
  • Purchasing power parity (ppp)
  • Standard of living
  • Human development index (hdi)
a graphic device that represents a population's age and sex composition based on current data
  • friction of distance
  • extractive industry
  • population pyramid
  • break-of-bulk point
precipitation that is unusually acidic; created when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen change chemically as they dissolve in water vapor in the atmosphere and return to earth as acidic rain, snow, or fog
  • deglomeration
  • acid rain
  • acculturation
  • territoriality
Spatial association.
  • Factors with similar distributions have what?
  • Africa, Asia, and Latin America entered stage 2 when?
  • What is overall population like during stage 3?
  • What is stimulus diffusion?
a restricted access subdivision or neighborhood, often surrounded by a barrier, with entry permitted only for residents and their guests; usually totally planned in land use and design, with "residents only" limitations on public streets and parjs
  • greenhouse effect
  • gated community
  • ghetto
  • exclave
the distribution of an organism or the structure of an ecosystem can be explained by the control exerted by the single factor (such as temperature, light, water) that is most deficient, that is, that falls below the levels required
  • limiting factor principle
  • toxic waste
  • antecedent boundary
  • terracing
(syn fixed costs of transportation) the costs incurred, and charged, for loading and unloading freight at origin and destination points and for the paperwork involved; costs charged each shipment for terminal facility use and unrelated to distnace of movement or line-haul costs
  • terminal costs
  • freight rates
  • spatially fixed costs
  • primate city
annual number of births per 1000 population; without regard to the age or sex composition of that population
  • relative distance
  • break-of-bulk point
  • nonrenewable resource
  • crude birth rate (CBR)
A state that encompasses a very small land area.
  • What is GPS?
  • Culture trait
  • microstate
  • nodal region
movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.
  • Voluntary Migration
  • Migration
  • Forced Migration
  • Mobility
according to the UNCLOS, the EEZ for maritime countries located closer to each other than 200 miles is located halfway in between.
  • Mackinder
  • Median line principle
  • Multicore state
  • Manifest destiny
oral tradition of a group; includes proverbs, prayers, common expressions, superstitions, beliefs, narrative tales, and legends
  • global commons
  • popular culture
  • folklore
  • diffusion barrier
a boundary line established before the area in question is well populated
  • Forced Migration
  • antecedent boundary
  • relative direction
  • built environment
The frequency with which something occurs.
  • What is density?
  • spatial search
  • What is distribution?
  • arithmetic density
Regions grouped together by the stage of the demographic transition model that most countries in the region are in. Cape Verde (Africa) is in Stage 2 (High Growth), Chile (Latin America) is in Stage 3 (Moderate Growth), and Denmark (Europe) is in Stage 4 (Low Growth). This is important because it shows how different parts of the world are in different stages of the demographic transition
  • in-transit privilege
  • comparative advantage
  • gathering industry
  • Demographic Regions
the position of a place in relation to that of other places or activities
  • relative location
  • situation
  • perceptual region
  • absolute location
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
  • nation state
  • nation
  • colony
  • state
a condition for individual countries when births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration
  • overpopulation
  • population density
  • population distribution
  • zero population growth (ZPG)
places interact with each other in structured and comprehensible ways
  • environmental determinism
  • spatial distribution
  • connectivity
  • spatial interaction
religion; unique in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins
  • judaism
  • christianity
  • hinduism
  • islam
a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. Popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity. One example would be the USA.
  • multinational state
  • nation-state
  • immigrant states
  • central place
Region of a less-developed country that offer tax breaks and loosened labor restrictions to attract export-driven production processes, such as factories producing goods for foreign markets; sometimes called free-trade zone.
  • North-south gap
  • Shatterbelt
  • Export-processing zone
  • Demographic equation
Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates.
  • What is GIS?
  • UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)
  • ethnic province
  • monetary policy
the direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an activity eg in industrial agglomerations, the cumulative processes by which a given change (new plant openings) sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment and infrasctructure growth
  • tertiary activity
  • Greenhouse effect
  • natural landscape
  • multiplier effect
a nucleated settlement that contains a CBD but that is small and less functionally complex than a city
  • town
  • colony
  • state
  • city
the part of an economy involved in making natural resources available for use or further processing; includes mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, grazing
  • Stimulus diffusion
  • network cities
  • primary activity
  • border landscape
A hypothetical portion of the earths surface assumed to be an unbounded, uniformly flat plain with uniform and unvarying distribution of population, purchasing power, transport costs, accessibility, and the like.
  • isotropic plain
  • Sustainability
  • service sector
  • in-transit privilege
The spread of an underlying principle, even if the characteristic itself fails to diffuse.
  • natural/physical boundary
  • What is stimulus diffusion?
  • What is remote sensing?
  • rate of natural increase
a region perceived and defined by its inhabitants, usually with a popularly given or accepted nickname; vernacular region
  • nonbasic sector
  • popular culture
  • popular region
  • acculturation
Manufacturing process broken down into differentiated components, with different groups of people performing different tasks to complete the product.
  • Adaptation
  • Demographic transition model
  • Overpopulation
  • Ford production (Fordist) method
earth areas that display significant elements of internal uniformity and external difference from surrounding territories
  • formal region
  • region
  • biome
  • relative location
the identification of a place by some precise and accepted system of coordinates
  • absolute location
  • situation
  • relative location
  • site
the tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution costs
  • icebox effect
  • territorial dispute
  • market orientation
  • material culture
desired regional autonomy expressed by a culturally distinctive group within a larger, politically dominant culture
  • ethnic separatism
  • supranationalism
  • globalization
  • gerrymandering
There are two types, contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical is along high density areas that spread from urban to rural areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people. This is important in determining how the disease spread so you can predict how it will spread.
  • Brain Drain
  • Disease Diffusion
  • Democratization
  • Demographic Regions
[syn: line-haul costs (syn: over-the-road costs) The costs involved in the actual physical movement of goods (or passengers); costs of haulage (including equipment and routeway costs), excluding terminal costs.
  • variable costs of transportation
  • Manifest Destiny
  • Demographic Transition Model
  • primary activities
a firm with manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting activities or product is not important in determining location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation
  • quinary activities
  • footloose
  • infrastructure
  • footloose firm
the replacement of local variety with a homogeneous and standardized landscape (eg Walmart)
  • ethnic island
  • agriculture
  • placelessness
  • spatial distribution
individual cultural traits that are functionally related
  • cultural ecology
  • culture region
  • culture complex
  • culture hearth
Aristotle.
  • federal system
  • Conference of Berlin (1884)
  • ethnic group
  • Who was the first to demonstrate that Earth is spherical?
the Chinese art and science of the placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, and cities
  • cultural appropriation
  • geomancy (feng shui)
  • interfaith boundaries
  • ethnic homeland
the process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes
  • commodification
  • global-local continuum
  • cultural appropriation
  • glocalization
Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, and China.
  • What is projection?
  • What is a region?
  • spatial interaction
  • What countries does the East Asian region include?
specialized behavioral patterns, understandings, adaptations, and social systems
  • ethnicity
  • race
  • culture
  • religion
dispute over an area containing resources necessary for a state's survival and growth
  • exclave
  • federal system
  • material culture
  • resource dispute
German Vladimir Koppen.
  • Climate of often classified using a system developed by who?
  • What is cartography?
  • Around 8000 BC, the world population started increasing because of what?
  • What European country has been thoroughly modified again and again?
because of the age composition of many societies, numbers of births will continue to grow even as fertility rates per woman decline
  • freight rates
  • geographic information systems
  • rate of natural increase
  • population (demographic) momentum
crop production on tropical forest clearings kept in cultivation until their quickly declining fertility is lost. Cleared sites are then abandoned and new sites are prepared. Synonyms: slash-and-burn agriculture / swidden agriculture
  • sustainable development
  • desertification
  • intensive agriculture
  • shifting cultivation
A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
  • Population Pyramid
  • Gravity Model
  • Demographic Transition Model
  • Crude Birth Rate
a philosophy of ethnics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius
  • buddhism
  • islam
  • confucianism
  • taoism
the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction
  • Remote Sensing
  • Friction Of Distance
  • Distance Decay
  • Gravity Model
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
  • Refugees
  • Forced Migration
  • Guest Workers
  • Immigration
Subset of quaternary activities that involves the highest-level of decision making, such as that of a legislature or a presidential cabinet.
  • Quinary economic activities
  • Forward capital
  • Exclusive economic zone (eez)
  • Agglomeration
Florida.
  • What US state has been insensitively altered to a great extent?
  • state
  • Where are the highest populations in Europe?
  • Fordism
the process of dispersion of an idea or an item from a center of origin to more distant points with which it is directly or indirectly connected.
  • globalization
  • spatial interaction
  • spatial diffusion
  • distance decay
Dry, wet, cold, or high.
  • multiplier effect: industrial agglomerations
  • What is contagious diffusion?
  • Spatial perspective
  • Humans sparsely inhabit lands that are too...
Argues that the earth's surface temperature is gradually rising because of the greenhouse effect, which is responsible for changing global climate patterns.
  • Global warming theory
  • Satisficing location
  • Religious extremism
  • Syncretism
a state whose government is under the control of a ruler who is deemed to be divinely guided, or of a group of religious leaders
  • theocracy
  • city-state
  • polytheism
  • culture
the idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment
  • Hierarchical diffusion
  • Possibilism
  • Environmental determinism
  • Cultural ecology
an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals
  • Gerrymandering
  • Demography
  • Capital
  • Census
production and harvesting of fish and shellfish in land-based ponds
  • acid rain
  • agriculture
  • aquaculture
  • transhumance
Twentieth-century German geographer who created the least cost theory to predict the locational decisions made by industrial operations.
  • Fair Trade
  • Thomas Malthus
  • Alfred Weber
  • Agglomeration
Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.
  • ethnicity
  • basic sector
  • nationality
  • Underpopulation
Near the coalfields of England, Germany, and Belgium.
  • What is concentration?
  • Define the medical revolution.
  • Where are the highest populations in Europe?
  • Humans sparsely inhabit lands that are too...
The medical revolution.
  • indo-european language
  • material orientation
  • ethnic island
  • Africa, Asia, and Latin America entered stage 2 for a different reason than the previous countries had. What was this push?
A state that posses a roughly circular shape from which the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions. (ex. Poland)
  • elongated state
  • compact state
  • perforated state
  • fragmented state
a region/area sharing one or more physical or cultural feature (uniform region)
  • return migration
  • Doubling Time
  • personal space
  • formal region
the system of Islamic law, based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran
  • sharia law
  • sunni
  • shamanism
  • theocracy
the idea that the natural environment places limits on the set of choices available to people
  • Environmental Determinism
  • Cultural Ecology
  • Sustainability
  • Possibilism
only one language spoken
  • monotheism
  • monolingual
  • language group
  • language
a portion of the earth's surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics
  • formal region
  • cultural diffusion
  • culture trait
  • culture region
The geometric arrangement of objects in space.
  • What is doubling time?
  • What is pattern?
  • annexation
  • democratization
fusion of immigrant ethnics with the groups, social systems, and occupations of the host society and the adoption of common attitudes and values
  • structural assimilation
  • Export-processing zone
  • behavioral assimilation
  • residential segregation
center of innovation and invention from which key culture traits and elements move to exert an influence on surrounding regions
  • culture hearth
  • language family
  • culture complex
  • cultural diffusion
set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics
  • language group
  • language family
  • dialect
  • lingua franca
detecting the nature of an object and the content of an area from a distance
  • remote sensing
  • globalization
  • relative location
  • distance decay
a region perceived and defined by its inhabitants, usually with a popularly given or accepted nickname; popular region
  • formal region
  • situation
  • absolute location
  • vernacular region
an input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located
  • spatial interaction
  • spatial margin of profitability
  • spatially variable costs
  • spatially fixed costs
a continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding cities
  • conurbation
  • central city
  • gentrification
  • industrialization
natural selection - characters are transmitted that enable people to adapt to particular environment conditions such as climate
  • environment
  • migration
  • natural selection
  • adaptation
They eliminated many traditional causes of death and enambled more people to experience longer and healthier lives.
  • core / periphery / semi-periphery
  • What is expansion diffusion?
  • material culture
  • What were the results of the medical revolution in recent LDCs?
entire regions of North America that have become associated with larger ethnic or racial aggregations
  • What is NIR?
  • Chain Migration
  • ethnic geography
  • ethnic province
the sharing of technologies, organizational structures, etc among widely separated societies in a modern world united by instantaneous communication and efficient transportation
  • ethnocentrism
  • syncretism
  • cultural convergence
  • acculturation
an input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its amount and its relative share of total costs
  • spatial interaction
  • spatially variable costs
  • comparative advantage
  • spatially fixed costs
occurs when a country claims an area existing in some other country's territory or when the border is under dispute
  • Footloose industry
  • territorial dispute
  • European Union (EU)
  • electoral geography
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
  • sovereignty
  • colonialism
  • suffrage
  • nation-state
spatial separation between two points on the earth's surface
  • relative distance
  • multiplier effect
  • absolute distance
  • agglomeration
Clumping together of industries for mutual advantage.
  • Outsourcing
  • Infrastructure
  • Agglomeration
  • Complementarity
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
  • What is life expectancy?
  • Population Policy
  • What is a functional region?
  • Life Expectancy
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
  • What is stimulus diffusion?
  • electoral geography
  • Total fertility rate (TFR)
  • locational interdependence
or adaptation - characteristics that are transmitted that enable people to adapt to particular environment conditions, such as climate
  • adaptation
  • natural selection
  • culture
  • genetic drift
Division of the manufacturing process across several countries, wherein different pieces of the product are made in different countries, and then the pieces are assembled in yet another country.
  • New international division of labor
  • agglomeration
  • segregation
  • assimilation
any informal norms, virtues, or values characterized by being followed through imitation and mild social pressure but not strictly enforced or put into law
  • folk ways
  • folklore
  • maladapted diffusion
  • authenticity
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant NIR.
  • What is overpopulation?
  • What is doubling time?
  • What is projection?
  • What is ecumene?
view that to lift living standards, the existing national efforts to lower mortality rates had to be balanced by governmental programs to reduce birth rates
  • neo-Malthusianism
  • dependency ratio
  • demography
  • j-curve
patterns of movement; Intercontinental- over countries' borders, Interregional- within a region or certain area, Rural-Urban- from a rural area to an urban area (farm to a city)
  • Chain migration
  • Demographic equation
  • Migration patterns
  • Cultural landscape
the belief of Nicholas Spykman that domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide a base for world conquest
  • location theory
  • mormonism
  • rimland theory
  • regionalism
a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country
  • supranationalism
  • devolution
  • irredentism
  • complementarity
the relocation of business processes and services to a lower-cost foreign location particularly white-collar, technical, professional, and clerical services
  • offshoring
  • globalization
  • outsourcing
  • agglomeration
the entire region that displays the characteristics of a culture
  • cultural landscape
  • cultural realm
  • cultural shatter belt
  • culture region
total population divided by arable land area
  • overpopulation
  • physiological density
  • arithmetic density
  • agricultural density
measure of the number or quantity of anything within a defined unit of area
  • Natality
  • central city
  • built environment
  • density
a gas molecule consisting of three atoms of oxygen formed when diatomic oxygen is exposed to UV radiation. In the upper atmosphere it forms a normally continuous, thin layer that blocks UV light; in the lower atmosphere it constitutes a damaging component of photochemical smog
  • Outsourcing
  • toponymy
  • site
  • ozone
When a product undergoes the gain of net weight by combining several things together to create a larger product.
  • weight gaining
  • acculturation
  • high-tech industry
  • remote sensing
an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (food) (1766-1834)
  • Natural Selection
  • Thomas Malthus
  • Overpopulation
  • Total Fertility Rate
the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
  • intervening opportunity
  • distance decay
  • complementarity
  • friction of distance
Around the 1950s.
  • How many countries are still in stage 1?
  • What is arithmetic density?
  • Factors with similar distributions have what?
  • Africa, Asia, and Latin America entered stage 2 when?
cluster of an ethnic population
  • ethnic enclave
  • language family
  • centripetal force
  • culture hearth
The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically.
  • Crude Death Rate
  • Epidemiology
  • Mortality
  • Epidemiological Transition Model
the dispersed and rural counterparts of urban ethnic neighborhoods
  • charter group
  • chain migration
  • ethnic geography
  • ethnic island
A Spanish-speaking neighborhood
  • barrio
  • ethnic enclave
  • ghetto
  • exclave
German geographer who discussed geopolitics and created the organic theory which postulated that a country, which is an aggregate of organisms (people), would itself function and behave like an organism ... to survive, a state requires nourishment - in the global context, this means territory - to gain political power.
  • Ratzel
  • Privatization
  • Nunavut
  • Multicore State
Relationships among people and objects across a barrier of space.
  • What is location?
  • spatial interaction
  • What are connections?
  • What are the two kinds of diffusion?
Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.
  • geometric boundary
  • natural boundary
  • frontier
  • physical boundary
When CBR begans to drop sharply.
  • Virtually 100% of the world's Natural Increase is located where?
  • Factors with similar distributions have what?
  • A country moves from stage 2 to 3 when CBR does what?
  • ethnic conclave
the measure of an individual's satisfaction with a given residential location
  • sustainability
  • place utility
  • gravity model
  • transhumance
A descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product in not important in determining location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation.
  • footloose
  • containment
  • offshoring
  • outsourcing
the basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development; included are transport and communications, along with water, power, and other public utilities
  • infrastructure
  • industrialization
  • command economy
  • technology
negative home conditions that impel the decision to migrate
  • centrifugal force
  • push factor
  • personal space
  • pull factor
the location of something in relation to something else
  • Situation
  • Relative location
  • Absolute location
  • Perceptual region
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
  • What is doubling time?
  • What countries does the South Asian region include?
  • Name some of the fertile valleys in China that population is clustered around/in.
  • Popular culture
A simple graphic model in Weberian analysis to illustrate the derivation of the least-transport-cost location of an industrial establishment.
  • locational triangle
  • fragmented state
  • hazardous waste
  • What is possibilism?
discarded solid, liquid, or gaseous material that poses a substantial threat to human health or to the environment when improperly disposed of or stored
  • greenhouse effect
  • toxic waste
  • natural resource
  • hazardous waste
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
  • What is distance decay?
  • What is a place?
  • What is overpopulation?
  • What is a mental map?
the study of place names
  • pidgin
  • official language
  • toponymy
  • dowry death
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
  • Physiological Density
  • Natural Increase Rate
  • Total Fertility Rate
  • Crude Birth Rate
The number of a people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
  • Life Expectancy
  • Overpopulation
  • Carrying Capacity
  • Doubling Time
a consistent or characteristic arrangement
  • Concentration
  • Pattern
  • Distribution
  • Situation
interlocking nature of all aspects of a culture
  • step migration
  • cultural integration
  • cultural diffusion
  • ethnocentrism
the increasing interconnection of peoples and societies in all parts of the world
  • diffusion
  • industrialization
  • globalization
  • innovation
the introduction into the biosphere of materials that because of their quantity, chemical nature, or temperature have a negative impact on the ecosystem or that cannot be readily disposed of by natural recycling processes
  • environmental pollution
  • agglomeration
  • What is remote sensing?
  • market orientation
any agricultural system involving the application of large amounts of capital and/or labor per unit of cultivated land; may be part of either subsistence or commercial economy
  • plantation
  • intensive agriculture
  • shifting cultivation
  • labor intensive
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite.
  • linguistic diversity
  • standard language
  • What is relocation diffusion?
  • What is remote sensing?
the frequency of occurrence of an event during a given time frame for a designated population
  • scale
  • rates
  • pattern
  • capital
Costs that vary (or change) depending on the location of an industrial activity.
  • Comparative advantage
  • Spatially variable costs
  • Spatially fixed costs
  • Spatial interaction
knowledge of opportunity locations beyond normal activity space
  • carrying capacity
  • s-curve
  • activity space
  • awareness space
the amount of variation of languages a place has
  • linguistic diversity
  • global-local continuum
  • lingua franca
  • language family
the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment
  • cultural adaptation
  • adaptive strategies
  • popular culture
  • folk culture
a region/area sharing one or more physical or cultural feature. (formal regions)
  • uniform region
  • relative location
  • formal region
  • situation
a population of organisms existing together in a small, relatively homogeneous area (pond, forest, small island) together with the energy, air, water, soil, and chemicals upon which it depends
  • ecosystem
  • suburb
  • fixed cost
  • shatterbelt
(syn geometric boundary) a boundary without obvious physical geographic basis; often a section of a parallel of latitude or a meridian of longitude
  • positional dispute
  • spatial diffusion
  • line-haul costs
  • artificial boundary
In industrial agglomerations, the cumulative processes by which a given change (such as a new plant opening) sets in motion a sequence of further industrial employment and industrial growth.
  • folk ways
  • Quinary economic activities
  • multiplier effect: industrial agglomerations
  • social distance
a family of several hundred related languages and dialects
  • isogloss
  • language family
  • dialect
  • indo-european language
amalgam of languages, usually a simplified form of one with borrowings from another local language
  • pidgin
  • dialect
  • creole
  • lingua franca
The spread of an idea through the physical movements of people.
  • expansion diffusion
  • What is scale?
  • What is relocation diffusion?
  • What is location?
An area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features.
  • dowry death
  • cultural adaptation
  • What is a region?
  • What is location?
Tool for calculating purchasing power parity that compares prices of a Big Mac throughout the world.
  • Big Mac Index
  • Culture Region
  • Formal Region
  • Rostow's Modernization Model
Social and economic change that began in England in the 1760s when the industrial geography of England changed significantly and later diffused to other parts of western Europe. In this period of rapid socioeconomic change, machines replaced human labor and new sources of inanimate energy were tapped. Coal was the leading energy source fueling the industrial revolution in England's textile-focused industrial explosion.
  • universalizing
  • Human Development Index (HDI)
  • Who was the first person to use the word 'geography'?
  • Industrial Revolution
There are two types, exclusionary and inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out, such as the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the U.S.-Canada border
  • annexation
  • border landscape
  • geometric boundary
  • colonialism
term used to imply that a group, usually a minority ethnic group, is a nation but does does not have a State of its own (ex. Kurds, Palestinians)
  • natural boundary
  • hunter-gatherer
  • metropolitan area
  • stateless nation
An area within which everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics.
  • What is environmental determinism?
  • What is a vernacular/perceptual region?
  • What is situation?
  • What is a formal region?
One's perceived image of the surrounding landscape's organization.
  • Spatial perspective
  • cultural landscape
  • What is scale?
  • What is a mental map?
a single piece of a culture's traditions and practices
  • Culture complex
  • Cultural diffusion
  • Culture trait
  • Culture region
religion; based upon Tao-te-ching, a book by Lao-Tsu which focuses on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature
  • shintoism
  • confucianism
  • taoism
  • buddhism
the awareness we have, as individuals, of home and distant places and the beliefs we hold about them
  • place perception
  • material culture
  • place utility
  • awareness space
that part of the metropolitan area contained within the boundaries of the main city around which suburbs have developed
  • urbanized area
  • primate city
  • metropolitan area
  • central city
migratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage
  • population density
  • shifting cultivation
  • nomadic herding
  • crop rotation
annual number of deaths per 1000 population; without regard to the age or sex composition of that population (crude death rate)
  • natural boundary
  • mortality rate
  • tipping point
  • folk ways
belief in a single deity
  • monotheism
  • polytheism
  • judaism
  • animism
the manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector of a city's labor force; functions of a city performed to satisfy demands external to the city itself and, in that performance, earning income to support the urban population
  • primate city
  • gravity model
  • central place
  • economic base
a description of urban land uses as wedge-shaped sectors radiating outward from the CBD along transportation corridors. The radial access routes attract particular uses to certain sectors, with high-status residential uses occupying the most desirable wedges
  • gravity model
  • sector model
  • concentric zone model
  • multiple-nuclei model
the spread of culture
  • Cultural diffusion
  • Diffusion
  • Ethnocentrism
  • Globalization
A statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote).
  • enfranchisement
  • centripetal force
  • ethnic cleansing
  • ethnic homeland
Easy access to water, low lying areas, fertile soil, temperate climate.
  • What are the two kinds of diffusion?
  • All of the top population clusters have what similarities?
  • cultural shatter belt
  • geometric boundary
the distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence our willingness to travel
  • critical distance
  • place utility
  • spatial search
  • territoriality
an economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion
  • gravity model
  • fixed cost
  • mixed economy
  • Big Mac Index
the defeat of dictatorships in South America to Eastern Europe, to some parts in Africa.
  • third wave of democratization
  • Demographic Transition Model
  • Physiological density
  • Purchasing power parity (PPP)
branch of Islam; Persian variation; believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali
  • sunni
  • shia (shi'ite)
  • privatization
  • taoism
The result of death rates being higher than birth rates
  • ethnic conflict
  • What is CDR?
  • Natural Decrease Rate
  • Refugees
religion; roots in the teachings of Abraham, who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one god
  • christianity
  • judaism
  • islam
  • hinduism
a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
  • imperialism
  • nation
  • ethnocentrism
  • nationalism
pre-agricultural people dependent on the year-round availability of plant and animal foodstuffs they could secure with the limited variety of tools and weapons at their disposal
  • infrastructure
  • hunter-gatherer
  • social distance
  • folk culture
The process by which a characteristic spreads over space.
  • market orientation
  • What is diffusion?
  • ethnic geography
  • cultural identity
the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of society
  • Culture
  • folk culture
  • Census
  • folklore
A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.
  • Culture
  • J-curve
  • Census
  • Cohort
a migration in which an eventual long-distance relocation is undertaken in stages eg rural to central city residence through farm to small town to suburb to the major central city)
  • cultural diffusion
  • cultural integration
  • chain migration
  • step migration
A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.
  • GLOBALIZATION
  • NAFTA
  • APARTHEID
  • FREE TRADE
right to vote
  • suffrage
  • segregation
  • sovereignty
  • colonialism
a portion of earth's surface occupied by a population sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics
  • cultural diffusion
  • cultural regions
  • core / periphery / semi-periphery
  • global-local continuum
a shantytown in or near a city; slum area
  • cultural landscape
  • bario / favala
  • centrifugal force
  • toxic waste
the circumstance under which the locational decision of a particular firm is influenced by the locations chosen by competitors
  • locational interdependence
  • substitution principle
  • material culture
  • tipping point
a sizable area inhabited by an ethnic majority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region
  • ethnic enclave
  • ethnocentrism
  • apartheid
  • ethnic homeland
the manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford.
  • animism
  • terrorism
  • Fordism
  • heartland theory
summarizes the contribution made to regional population by the combination of natural change (births to deaths) and net migration
  • carrying capacity
  • demographic equation
  • zero population growth
  • natural increase rate
(syn ethnographic boundary) a boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language
  • devolution
  • centrifugal force
  • superimposed boundary
  • consequent boundary
A curve that shows the relationship between the price of a product and the quantity of the product supplied.
  • popular culture
  • Culture
  • supply curve
  • Acculturation
This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.
  • Imperialism
  • Annexation
  • Manifest Destiny
  • Industrialization
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
  • Agricultural Density
  • Arithmetic Density
  • Physiological Density
  • Dependency Ratio
The first.
  • How much of the world's population live in East Asia?
  • self determination
  • Most of humanitys occupancy on Earth was characterized by which stage of the demographic transition?
  • What is distance decay?
a natural resource that is not replenished or replaced by natural processes or is used at a rate that exceeds its replacement rate
  • in-transit privilege
  • spatially fixed cost
  • population projection
  • nonrenewable resource
The agricultural revolution.
  • Around 8000 BC, the world population started increasing because of what?
  • What is concentration?
  • What is agricultural density?
  • linguistic diversity
Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society.
  • colony
  • irredentism
  • imperialism
  • nationalism
the mathematical relationship between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of the mapped area
  • scale
  • situation
  • site
  • region
strong territorial and cultural group identification; usually become a member by birth or by adoption of a complex lifestyle and cultural identity, not by simple declaration of faith
  • mormonism
  • uniform plain
  • ethnic religion
  • buddhism
boundaries between the world's major faiths
  • islam
  • hajj
  • judaism
  • interfaith boundaries
small country located between two hostile powers and whose presence decreased the possibility of conflict between them
  • city-state
  • compact state
  • nation state
  • buffer state
The number of children born to an average woman in a population during her entire reproductive life
  • Natural Increase Rate
  • Life Expectancy
  • Total Fertility Rate
  • Crude Birth Rate
nonstandard language or dialect native to the locale or adopted by the social group
  • vernacular
  • lingua franca
  • official language
  • dialect
System of production, consumption, and distribution.
  • Culture
  • Capital
  • Market Economy
  • Economy
a sometimes separately recognized subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest-level decision making in all types of large organizations; also most advanced form of the quaternary subsector
  • comparative advantage
  • primary activities
  • quinary activities
  • short-haul penalty
Those parts of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration - including administration of the other economic activity levels; often considered only as a specialized subdivision of tertiary activities.
  • cultural integration
  • quaternary activities
  • deglomeration
  • primary activities
the notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice-versa
  • glocalization
  • global-local continuum
  • placelessness
  • cultural landscape
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
  • Agricultural Revolution
  • rate of natural increase
  • agriculture
  • cultural convergence
circumstances of too few people to sufficiently develop the resources of a country or region to improve the level of living of its inhabitants.
  • Underpopulation
  • popular culture
  • cultural regions
  • crop rotation
the core-periphery idea that the core houses the main economic power of the region and the outlying region and that the periphery houses the lesser economic ties with the semi-periphery in-between the two
  • exclusive economic zone (eez)
  • multinational corporation (mnc)
  • core area
  • core / periphery / semi-periphery
a model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid
  • Age Distribution
  • Population Distribution
  • Population Density
  • Dependency Ratio
A rule by which the design of new electoral boundaries, must where possible, create electoral districts which have a majority population of some group which is a national minority
  • comparative advantage
  • What is cultural ecology?
  • microstate
  • minority-majority districting
innovation or idea is physically carried to new areas by migrating individuals or populations
  • relocation diffusion
  • expansion diffusion
  • stimulus diffusion
  • contagious diffusion
Distance measured in terms such as cost or time which are more meaningful for the space relationship in question
  • friction of distance
  • distance decay
  • absolute distance
  • relative distance
the study of the geographical elements of the organization and results of elections
  • electoral geography
  • centripetal force
  • gerrymandering
  • elongated state
images about an area developed by an individual on the basis of information or impressions received, interpreted or stored
  • mental map
  • formal region
  • vernacular region
  • cultural landscape
permanently inhabited areas of the earth's surface
  • pattern
  • ecumene
  • culture
  • colony
the study of physical features of the earth's surface
  • Relative location
  • Physical geography
  • Cultural landscape
  • Human geography
economic system in which decisions on production and consumption of goods and services are based on voluntary exchange in markets
  • Epidemiology
  • market economy
  • basic sector
  • Sequent occupance
Conditions that draw people to another location (pull factors) or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (push factors)
  • Manifest Destiny
  • Push-Pull Factors
  • Forced Migration
  • Cultural Diffusion
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
  • Arithmetic Density
  • Agricultural Density
  • Population Density
  • Physiological Density
religion; began in northern Inda; the principal belief is that faith in Vahiguru emphasizes faith in god
  • syncretism
  • ethnocentrism
  • sikhism
  • Hinduism
the set of points delimiting the area within which a firm's profitable operation is possible
  • market equilibrium
  • spatially fixed costs
  • spatial margin of profitability
  • spatially variable costs
positive attractions of the migration destination
  • centripetal force
  • immigration
  • pull factor
  • push factor
a location where goods are transferred from one type of carrier to another eg barge to railroad
  • carrying capacity
  • break-of-bulk point
  • built environment
  • satisficing location
mass culture that diffuses rapidly
  • survey systems
  • What is a place?
  • Popular culture
  • transferability
the learned behavior shared by a society that prescribes accepted and common modes of conduct
  • culture
  • custom
  • folkways
  • folklore
study of government and its policies as affected by physical geography
  • imperialism
  • geopolitics
  • annexation
  • gerrymandering
A large business organization operating in a number of different national economies; the term implies a more extensive form of transnational corporation.
  • multinational corporation (MNC)
  • foreign direct investment
  • multicore state
  • globalization
an Indian religion that prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living things
  • hinduism
  • interfaith boundaries
  • judaism
  • juinism
occurs when the "weaker" of two cultures adopts traits from the more dominant culture
  • Cultural Convergence
  • Ethnocentrism
  • Globalization
  • Acculturation
The physical character of a place.
  • agriculture
  • What is site?
  • plural society
  • assimilation
Widening difference between development levels in more-developed and less-developed countries.
  • Human development index (hdi)
  • Standard of living
  • Acculturation
  • Development gap
simplified abstraction of reality, structured to clarify causal relationships
  • Mortality
  • exclave
  • state
  • model
this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model.
  • Population Explosion
  • Demographic Momentum
  • Natural Increase
  • Zero Population Growth
curve showing J-shaped or exponential growth
  • S-curve
  • Natality
  • J-curve
  • Mortality
a political boundary that follows some cultural border, such as linguistic or religious border
  • transfer of technology
  • personal communication field
  • ethnographic/cultural boundary
  • What is hierarchical diffusion?
the tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material; happens when material costs are highly variable spatially and/or represent a significant share of total costs
  • spatial margin of profitability
  • in-transit privilege
  • material orientation
  • market equilibrium
Developed the Rimland Theory
  • Spykman, Nicholas
  • Alfred Weber
  • Heartland Theory
  • Natural Decrease Rate
(syn multinational corporation) a large business organization operating in at least two separate national economies
  • technology
  • outsourcing
  • transnational corporation (TNC)
  • foreign direct investment
three or more countries agree to give up a degree of autonomy in order to pursue common goals. (ex. European Union)
  • complementarity
  • devolution
  • irredentism
  • supranationalism
a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earth's surface
  • Relative location
  • Human geography
  • Cultural ecology
  • Physical geography
the murder of infants
  • infanticide
  • What is site?
  • Mortality
  • distance decay
social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between the sexes
  • nation
  • ghetto
  • exclave
  • gender
The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, including family structure and political, educational, and religious institutions. Components of the sociological subsystem of culture.
  • sector model
  • sociofact
  • environment
  • core area
a multifunctional nucleated settlement with a CBD and both residential and nonresidential land uses
  • town
  • nation
  • state
  • city
A state's geographical shape, which can affect its spatial cohension and political viability.
  • cultural ecology
  • demography
  • suffrage
  • territorial morphology
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
  • Imperialism
  • Apartheid
  • Blockbusting
  • Segregation
a settlement in a new territory that keeps close ties to its homeland
  • nation-state
  • nation
  • colony
  • state
a force that divides people and countries
  • cultural divergence
  • centrifugal force
  • balkanization
  • ethnic enclave
The longitude at which one moves forward or backward 1 day.
  • What is density?
  • spatial margin of profitability
  • What is the International Date Line?
  • Where did the earliest surviving maps come from?
the mover is part of an established migrant flow from a common origin to a prepared destination
  • expansion diffusion
  • brain drain
  • step migration
  • chain migration
the natural system by which water is continuously circulated through the biosphere by evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
  • hydrologic cycle
  • authenticity
  • Commodification
  • NAFTA
Hierarchical, contagious, and stimulus.
  • What are the 3 subgroups of expansion diffusion?
  • What is agricultural density?
  • What was the NIR like in the first stage of the demographic transition?
  • What is pattern?
the diffusion of new ideas
  • cultural ecology
  • cultural adaptation
  • environmental determinism
  • innovation adoption
when the birth rate equals the death rate
  • Overpopulation
  • Zero Population Growth
  • Population Density
  • Rate Of Natural Increase
an official government strategy designed to affect any or all of several objectives including the size, composition, and distribution of population
  • Counter Migration
  • Population Policy
  • Transhumance
  • Population Distribution
isolated group that has had long-lasting culture traits that have not changed substantially over time
  • Folk culture
  • Material culture
  • Acculturation
  • Popular culture
model developed by vonThunen, German economist and landowner, to explain the forces that control the prices of agricultural commodities and how those variable prices affect patterns of agricultural land utilization
  • shifting cultivation
  • von Thunen model
  • sector model
  • economies Of scale
Islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, and Philippines.
  • What countries does the Southeast Asian region include?
  • What are the two kinds of diffusion?
  • What is relocation diffusion?
  • Where is two-thirds of the world's population clustered, in order of highest population to lowest population.
The extent of a feature's spread of space.
  • What is ecumene?
  • What is concentration?
  • linguistic geography
  • What is a place?
An area organized around a node or focal point.
  • What is a functional region?
  • ubiquitous industry
  • Undocumented Immigrants
  • Why does CBR decline in stage 3?
Method of improving a country's development that pushes the country to identify its unique set of strengths in the world and to channel investment toward building on these strengths. To compete internationally, this approach argues, a country must find out what it can offer the world and capitalize on that good or service.
  • Comparative advantage
  • International trade approach
  • Foreign direct investment
  • Dependency theory
Factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises.
  • break-of-bulk point
  • multiplier effect
  • comparative advantage
  • economies of scale
Ability of a country (or place) to produce a good or offer a service better than another country can.
  • Standard of living
  • Gross domestic product (gdp)
  • Economies of scale
  • Comparative advantage
Babylonian clay tablets.
  • Where did the earliest surviving maps come from?
  • Where is TFR highest?
  • Where are the highest populations in Europe?
  • What European country has been thoroughly modified again and again?
part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the landscape created by humans
  • cultural ecology
  • built environment
  • cultural landscape
  • nonmaterial culture
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