pleasing sounds from a combination of words
  • alliteration
  • assonance
  • euphony
  • cacophony
sense of a word changes; verb with two meanings; a single word that modifies 2+ words that causes a different meaning
  • litotes
  • syllepsis
  • chiasmus
  • metaphor
a construction involving a break in grammatical sequence
  • anadiplosis
  • apostrophe
  • anacoluthon
  • asyndeton
inversion of typical word order
  • anastrophe
  • polysyndeton
  • isocolon
  • anaphora
omission of conjunctions
  • antithesis
  • anaphora
  • asyndeton
  • polysyndeton
exaggeration
  • simile
  • personification
  • hyperbole
  • metaphor
two elements, normally noun phrases, placed side-by-side so that one element modifies/defines the other
  • metaphor
  • apposition
  • isocolon
  • polysyndeton
opposition or contrast of ideas/words in a balanced or parallel structure
  • alliteration
  • metaphor
  • simile
  • antithesis
use of vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas
  • simile
  • personification
  • metaphor
  • imagery
substitution of a descriptive word/phrase for a proper name (e.g. kleenex)
  • isocolon
  • oxymoron
  • periphrasis
  • epanalepsis
figure of speech comparing two items with "like" or "as"
  • simile
  • metaphor
  • personification
  • hyperbole
double negative; an idea is expressed by the denial of its opposite
  • simile
  • metaphor
  • litotes
  • hyperbole
repetition of a word/phrase at regular intervals; a sentence starts & ends with the same word
  • asyndeton
  • antithesis
  • epanalepsis
  • sarcasm
representation of abstract/spiritual meaning through concrete forms; figurative treatment of one subject under the guise of another
  • allusion
  • irony
  • allegory
  • metaphor
omission of words when something is implied; can be done without an ellipses (...)
  • anaphora
  • apostrophe
  • ellipsis
  • oxymoron
repetition of a word/phrase at the end of a phrase/sentence
  • metaphor
  • simile
  • anaphora
  • epistrophe
harsh discordance of sounds (e.g. jack cut crispy carrots)
  • cacophony
  • euphony
  • alliteration
  • assonance
repetition of the final words of a sentence or line at the beginning of the next
  • polysyndeton
  • anaphora
  • epistrophe
  • anadiplosis
modifies multiple words; use of a word to govern/yoke several words/phrases
  • zuegma
  • metonymy
  • litotes
  • chiasmus
repetition of a vowel sound
  • alliteration
  • assonance
  • anaphora
  • onomatopoeia
intentionally hurtful satiric or ironic commentary
  • irony
  • simile
  • hyperbole
  • sarcasm
mixing of senses
  • synaesthesia
  • metaphor
  • hyperbole
  • oxymoron
repetition of conjunctions
  • polysyndeton
  • allusion
  • anaphora
  • asyndeton
old word/phrase; no longer used at the time
  • archaism
  • euphemism
  • allusion
  • allegory
an event/conclusion/statement that is less powerful than built up
  • apostrophe
  • alliteration
  • anticlimax
  • antithesis
to lead on by not stating the facts; drawing attention to something while pretending to pass it over
  • litotes
  • antithesis
  • epanalepsis
  • praeteritio
repetition of the first word/phrase in successive sentences
  • anaphora
  • simile
  • metaphor
  • alliteration
words that sound like what they are
  • alliteration
  • personification
  • onomatopoeia
  • simile
conveying a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning
  • irony
  • metaphor
  • simile
  • hyperbole
repetition of a consonant sound
  • onomatopoeia
  • consonance
  • anaphora
  • alliteration
repetition of a single word with different usages
  • antanaclasis
  • imagery
  • asyndeton
  • polysyndeton
idolizing something/someone; comparing an object to a god
  • hubris
  • antithesis
  • apotheosis
  • anaphora
words are repeated in reverse order (e.g. the fire burned, burned the fire)
  • antithesis
  • chiasmus
  • personification
  • anaphora
giving human/living traits to non-living objects
  • metaphor
  • simile
  • personification
  • hyperbole
attempting to prove a point by repeating it several times in different ways
  • commoratio
  • anaphora
  • anthimeria
  • periphrasis
reference to a person/place/etc.
  • allusion
  • metaphor
  • personification
  • simile
a sentence/phrase in which the second half is surprising and causes one to rethink the first half
  • periphrasis
  • paraprosdokian
  • praeteritio
  • paranomasia
pun; wordplay that suggests multiple meanings; words must look/sound the same
  • antanaclasis
  • anadiplosis
  • paranomasia
  • periphrasis
to address someone not present; a personified object/idea
  • assonance
  • allusion
  • apostrophe
  • personification
repetition of similar words/phrases/ideas to represent that the ideas are of equal or higher value & importance
  • alliteration
  • parallelism
  • metaphor
  • antithesis
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