Multiple Choice Questions

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
  • incentive
  • motivation
  • homeostasis
  • instinct
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivd imagery and organizational devices
  • automatic processing
  • mnemonics
  • retrieval
  • chunking
cells in the nervous system that are not neurons but that support, nourish, and protect neurons
  • myelin sheath
  • neurotransmitters
  • glial cells
  • axon
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response.
  • unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
  • developmental psychology
  • CT (computed tomography)
  • naturalistic observation
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
  • achievement motivation
  • automatic processing
  • fixed-interval schedule
  • top-down processing
Information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness
  • ego
  • collective unconscious
  • superego
  • preconscious
the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center
  • corpus callosum
  • hypothalamus
  • cerebral cortex
  • cerebellum
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. (ie kicking the dog)
  • projection
  • latent content
  • control condition
  • displacement
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness
  • sensory interaction
  • accommodation
  • kinesthesis
  • sensorineural hearing loss
distance cues, such as linear perspective and overlap, available to either eye alone
  • perceptual constancy
  • perceptual adaptation
  • monocular cues
  • vestibular sense
below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
  • absolute threshold
  • subliminal
  • cognitive
  • rationalization
morality at this level of Kohlberg's theory is determined by the will of outside authority (adults such as parents and teachers) and centers around gaining reward or avoiding punishment.
  • preconventional
  • overconfidence
  • retinal disparity
  • cognitive map
chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse
  • Glial Cells
  • Action Potential
  • Hormones
  • Neurotransmitters
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
  • learning
  • transduction
  • perception
  • sensation
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
  • respondent behavior
  • learned helplessness
  • nearsightedness
  • retroactive interference
Hilgard's term describing a hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
  • hidden observer
  • hypnosis
  • amnesia
  • posthypnotic amnesia
in psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism by which people rechannel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities
  • sublimation
  • cognition
  • hallucinogens
  • split brain
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
  • maturation
  • learning
  • accommodation
  • habituation
the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
  • mode
  • standard deviation
  • mean
  • median
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
  • cross-sectional study
  • case study
  • longitudinal study
  • naturalistic observation
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS)
  • conditioned response (CR)
  • convergence
  • cognition
  • fixed-ratio schedule
a condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina
  • farsightedness
  • depth perception
  • fovea
  • blind spot
the most frequently occurring score in a distribution
  • mean
  • median
  • mode
  • standard deviation
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
  • difference threshold
  • sensory adaptation
  • weber's law
  • absolute threshold
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
  • biological psychology
  • developmental psychology
  • behaviorism
  • psychiatry
the perception of a relationship where none exists
  • overconfidence
  • false consensus effect
  • confirmation bias
  • illusory correlation
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
  • punishment
  • primary reinforcer
  • operant behavior
  • spontaneous recovery
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
  • habituation
  • object permanence
  • stranger anxiety
  • egocentrism
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
  • encoding
  • recognition
  • retrieval
  • recall
a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard
  • motivation
  • hierarchy of needs
  • extrinsic motivation
  • achievement motivation
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.
  • nervous system
  • fetus
  • zygote
  • embryo
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
  • survey
  • superego
  • fixation
  • Harlow
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
  • temperament
  • habituation
  • attachment
  • imprinting
the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions
  • cerebellum
  • amygdala
  • brainstem
  • hippocampus
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
  • convergence
  • teratogens
  • amphetamines
  • Motor neurons
an ill-fated theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities and our character traits.
  • Plasticity
  • Aphasia
  • Psychology
  • Phrenology
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus spontaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
  • Adaptation-level Phenomenon
  • Cannon-Bard Theory
  • Two-factor Theory
  • James-lange Theory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
  • sensory memory
  • working memory
  • long-term memory
  • short-term memory
a similar concept that focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
  • sensory memory
  • short-term memory
  • working memory
  • long-term memory
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex
  • sensory cortex
  • frontal lobes
  • parietal lobes
  • motor cortex
one of the phases of the sexual response cycle; characterized by the genital areas becoming engorged with blood, causing the man's penis to become partially erect and the woman's clitoris to swell and the inner lips covering her vagina to open up
  • double-blind procedure
  • Sensory neurons
  • occipital lobes
  • excitement phase
the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
  • withdrawal
  • psychological dependence
  • stimulants
  • tolerance
the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission
  • pitch
  • wavelength
  • intensity
  • hue
in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
  • perceptual adaptation
  • accommodation
  • perceptual set
  • retinal disparity
an MC; if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer
  • convergence
  • linear perspective
  • interposition
  • retinal disparity
the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
  • dualism
  • two-factor theory
  • place theory
  • collectivism
the experimental factor--in psychology, the behavior or mental process--that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to the manipulations of the independent variable
  • placebo
  • control condition
  • dependent variable
  • hypothesis
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.
  • fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
  • autism
  • teratogens
  • developmental psychology
the minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuli. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (aka jnd)
  • absolute threshold
  • difference threshold
  • transduction
  • sensory adaptation
group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
  • self-esteem
  • relative deprivation
  • achievement motivation
  • social leadership
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.
  • Neurotransmitters
  • personality inventory
  • cross-sectional study
  • brainstem
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
  • incentive
  • hierarchy of needs
  • instinct
  • drive-reduction theory
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
  • imprinting
  • accommodation
  • habituation
  • attachment
contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
  • THC
  • imagery
  • id
  • ego
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
  • Narcolepsy
  • REM rebound
  • Sleep apnea
  • Insomnia
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
  • observational learning
  • intrinsic motivation
  • personal control
  • positive psychology
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
  • collective unconscious
  • ego
  • superego
  • preconscious
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
  • positive psychology
  • dependent variable
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • occipital lobes
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate
  • extrinsic motivation
  • external
  • self-esteem
  • external locus of control
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
  • external locus of control
  • statistical significance
  • prosocial behavior
  • variable-interval schedule
tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue
  • interneurons
  • lesion
  • aphasia
  • synapse
a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus.
  • double-blind procedure
  • classical conditioning
  • parallel processing
  • extrinsic motivation
the perspective of psychological science that deals with how nature selects traits that promote the perpetuation of one's genes
  • cognitive
  • behavioral
  • evolutionary
  • psychodynamic
(1) a sense of one's identity and personal worth. (2) all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
  • belief bias
  • difference threshold
  • relative clarity
  • self-concept
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
  • postconventional
  • free association
  • Myelin sheath
  • light and shadow
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
  • set point
  • transduction
  • generalization
  • conservation
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
  • Cannon-bard Theory
  • James-Lange Theory
  • Two-factor Theory
  • Adaptation-level Phenomenon
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
  • control condition
  • partial (intermittent) reinforcement
  • variable-interval schedule
  • perceptual constancy
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feeling, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
  • hypnosis
  • hallucinations
  • consciousness
  • dissociation
defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
  • projection
  • dissociation
  • identification
  • rationalization
giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
  • theory of mind
  • theory
  • egocentrism
  • collectivism
an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent
  • placebo
  • random sample
  • dependent variable
  • confirmation bias
rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
  • Sleep apnea
  • Dissociation
  • Sleep spindles
  • REM sleep
the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
  • semantic encoding
  • proactive interference
  • chunking
  • iconic memory
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
  • confirmation bias
  • belief perseverance
  • framing
  • functional fixedness
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.
  • naturalistic observation
  • case study
  • cross-sectional study
  • longitudinal study
the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
  • acoustic encoding
  • sensory memory
  • echoic memory
  • implicit memory
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
  • defense mechanisms
  • preoperational stage
  • projection
  • Alzheimer's disease
attachment style in which they seek little contact with their caregiver and are not distressed when the caregiver leaves
  • conventional
  • anxious ambivalent
  • secure
  • avoidant
periodic, natural, and reversible loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
  • consciousness
  • circadian rhythm
  • sleep
  • memory
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
  • reticular formation
  • cerebellum
  • hypothalamus
  • thalamus
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft
  • Myelin Sheath
  • Synapse
  • Axon
  • Dendrite
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
  • rehearsal
  • catharsis
  • sensation
  • framing
one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.
  • fluid intelligence
  • implicit memory
  • habituation
  • working memory
a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
  • operational definition
  • theory
  • independent variable
  • hypothesis
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meaning
  • automatic processing
  • effortful processing
  • chunking
  • implicit memory
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
  • habituation
  • shaping
  • operant conditioning
  • law of effect
a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
  • Acetylcholine
  • relearning
  • convergence
  • attachment
the sharpness of vision
  • accommodation
  • acuity
  • depth perception
  • object permanence
an individual's basic disposition, which is evident from infancy and is generally stable across the lifespan
  • attachment
  • personality
  • temperament
  • maturation
Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge with distance. The more the lines converge, the greater the perceived distance
  • retinal disparity
  • convergence
  • interposition
  • linear perspective
hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
  • kinesthesis
  • conduction hearing loss
  • accommodation
  • sensory interaction
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
  • natural selection
  • random assignment
  • circadian rhythm
  • Action potential
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
  • lens
  • retina
  • fovea
  • optic nerve
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
  • cognitive map
  • prototype
  • schema
  • latent learning
theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development.
  • Harlow
  • Kohlberg
  • Erikson
  • Behaviorism
concerned with links between biology and behavior
  • Phrenology
  • Biological psychology
  • Developmental psychology
  • Behavior genetics
psychologists that help design appliances, machines, and work settings that harness natural perception sets.
  • developmental psychology
  • psychokinesis
  • parapsychology
  • human factors psychologists
a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
  • internal locus of control
  • latent learning
  • intrinsic motivation
  • spontaneous recovery
a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object
  • linear perspective
  • interposition
  • retinal disparity
  • convergence
the perspective of psychological science that deals with how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
  • evolutionary
  • psychodynamic
  • cognitive
  • behavioral
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
  • short-term memory
  • color constancy
  • random assignment
  • catharsis
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguished between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
  • replication
  • conservation
  • discrimination
  • unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
  • latent learning
  • operant conditioning
  • spontaneous recovery
  • observational learning
in this Kohlberg level right and wrong determined by society's rules which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute or by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equality and justice
  • postconventional
  • preoperational stage
  • precognition
  • evolutionary
the effect of perceiving smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
  • closure
  • continuity
  • similarity
  • proximity
the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth
  • intensity
  • pitch
  • hue
  • wavelength
the perceptual tendency to organize information into coherent groups
  • grouping
  • depth perception
  • shape constancy
  • figure-ground
in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
  • place theory
  • weber's law
  • opponent-process theory
  • frequency theory
a tone's highness or lowness; depends on frequency
  • pitch
  • hue
  • intensity
  • wavelength
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
  • refractory period
  • relearning
  • resolution phase
  • sensory adaptation
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
  • punishment
  • operant conditioning
  • shaping
  • observational learning
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
  • functional fixedness
  • confirmation bias
  • latent learning
  • insight
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
the process of getting information out of memory storage
  • retrieval
  • recall
  • encoding
  • storage
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximation of a desired goal
  • modeling
  • generalization
  • punishment
  • shaping
the loss of memory
  • alzheimer's disease
  • memory
  • amnesia
  • aphasia
a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
  • functional fixedness
  • availability heuristic
  • belief perseverance
  • confirmation bias
attachment style in which infants are able to explore, are upset when their caregiver leaves and happy when their caregiver returns
  • secure
  • conventional
  • anxious ambivalent
  • avoidant
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning
  • respondent behavior
  • control condition
  • replication
  • random sample
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
  • conditioned response (CR)
  • associative learning
  • conditioned stimulus (CS)
  • correlation coefficient
the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
  • experimental condition
  • personality inventory
  • Rorschach inkblot test
  • correlation coefficient
the sense of hearing
  • vestibular sense
  • pitch
  • audition
  • kinesthesis
the perspective of psychological science that deals with how we learn observable responses
  • psychodynamic
  • behavioral
  • cognitive
  • evolutionary
the effect of grouping nearby figures together
  • similarity
  • continuity
  • closure
  • proximity
predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus ("signal") amid background stimulation ("noise"). Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue
  • signal detection theory
  • collectivism
  • theory of mind
  • CT (computed tomography)
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
  • fixation
  • opiates
  • Synapse
  • culture
perceiving future events, ie a political leader's death or a sporting event's outcome
  • precognition
  • psychokinesis
  • telepathy
  • clairvoyance
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they suppress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
  • hallucinogens
  • barbiturates
  • stimulants
  • opiates
the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)
  • closure
  • proximity
  • similarity
  • figure-ground
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field
  • cerebellum
  • occipital lobes
  • cerebral cortex
  • frontal lobes
an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
  • Amygdala
  • Wernicke's Area
  • Broca's Area
  • Sensory Cortex
defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others (ie changing "I don't trust him" to "He doesn't trust me" ... "The thief thinks everyone else is a thief")
  • projection
  • rationalization
  • fixation
  • identification
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
  • individualism
  • cognitive map
  • temporal lobes
  • bulimia nervosa
the principle that, to perceive their difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
  • Accommodation
  • Weber's Law
  • Sensory Adaptation
  • Absolute Threshold
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
  • imprinting
  • operant conditioning
  • accommodation
  • habituation
the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluation the effect of the treatment
  • population
  • operational definition
  • independent variable
  • control condition
The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
  • Nerves
  • Corpus callosum
  • Interneurons
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep (stage 4)
  • belief bias
  • vestibular sense
  • delta waves
  • temporal lobes
drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines and cocaine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
  • stimulants
  • hallucinogens
  • opiates
  • depressants
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
  • maturation
  • menopause
  • menarche
  • adolescence
the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
  • déjà vu
  • implicit memory
  • hypnosis
  • source amnesia
an MC; because light from distant objects passes through more atmosphere, we perceive hay objects are farther away than sharp, clear objects
  • evolutionary
  • rooting reflex
  • relative clarity
  • relative deprivation
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
  • retrieval
  • mean
  • priming
  • lesion
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practiced
  • social clock
  • REM rebound
  • iconic memory
  • spacing effect
the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
  • self-actualization
  • reciprocal determinism
  • behaviorism
  • self-serving bias
"mind over matter" ie levitating a table or influencing the roll of a die
  • telepathy
  • clairvoyance
  • precognition
  • psychokinesis
the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1) but not with 2).
  • gestalt
  • cognitive
  • behavior genetics
  • behaviorism
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
  • pituitary gland
  • critical thinking
  • color constancy
  • availability heuristic
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
  • mean
  • standard deviation
  • mode
  • median
psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
  • depressants
  • stimulants
  • hallucinogens
  • opiates
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
  • spontaneous recovery
  • shaping
  • latent learning
  • continuous reinforcement
adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
  • egocentrism
  • accommodation
  • sensory adaptation
  • object permanence
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
  • intimacy
  • parietal lobes
  • reaction formation
  • defense mechanisms
a statistical criterion for rejecting the assumption of no differences in a particular study
  • statistical significance
  • confirmation bias
  • functional fixedness
  • crystallized intelligence
a rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier also more error-prone than algorithms
  • sensation
  • heuristic
  • dissociation
  • perception
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
  • modeling
  • latent learning
  • operant conditioning
  • shaping
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Multiple Choice Questions
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