Multiple Choice Questions

Frightening dream that takes place during REM sleep.
  • Night Terror
  • Narcolepsy
  • Nightmare
  • Insomnia
Psychologists who analyze the biological factors influencing behavior and mental processes.
  • Biological Psychologists
  • Forensic Psychologists
  • Altered State Of Consciousness
  • Central Nervous System
An approach to psychology emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishments.
  • Observational Learning
  • Positive Psychology
  • Psychodynamic Approach
  • Behavioral Approach
A sleep disorder in which a person feels tired during the day because of trouble falling asleep or staying asleep at night.
  • Night Terror
  • Insomnia
  • Sleep Apnea
  • Narcolepsy
A depth cue whereby larger objects are perceived as closer than smaller ones.
  • Texture Gradient
  • Wavelength
  • Relative Size
  • Perception
Stimuli that strengthen a response if they follow that response.
  • Discriminative Stimuli
  • Conditioned Stimulus
  • Positive Reinforcers
  • Primary Reinforcers
The response that the conditioned stimulus elicits
  • Independent Variable
  • Conditioned Response
  • Unconditioned Response
  • Selective Attention
A characteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good for the last few items in a list.
  • Encoding
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Primacy Effect
  • Recency Effect
An approach to understanding object recognition in which various elements of the object are thought to be simultaneously analyzed by a number of widely distributed, but connected, neural units in the brain.
  • Critical Thinking
  • Behavioral Approach
  • Parallel Distributed Processing
  • Elaborative Rehearsal
The colorful part of the eye, which constricts or relaxes to adjust the amount of light entering the eye.
  • Retina
  • Iris
  • Blind Spot
  • Cornea
A stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning
  • Negative Reinforcers
  • Positive Reinforcers
  • Unconscious Level
  • Unconditioned Stimulus
Part of the bottom surface of the brain where half of each optic nerves fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain.
  • Retina
  • Thalamus
  • Optic Chiasm
  • Iris
The process of watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment.
  • Case Study
  • Theory
  • Correlation Coefficient
  • Naturalistic Observation
Psychologists who assist in jury selection, evaluate defendants mental competence to stand trial, and deal with other issues involving psychology and the law.
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Forensic Psychologists
  • Clinical And Counseling Psychologists
  • Developmental Psychologists
Referring to a correlation, or a difference between two groups, that is larger than would be expected by chance.
  • Naturalistic Observation
  • Reliable
  • Statistically Significant
  • Correlation Coefficient
Memory of an event that happened while one was present.
  • Episodic Memory
  • Long-term Memory
  • Implicit Memory
  • Semantic Memory
Horrific dream that causes rapid awakening from stage 3 or 4 sleep and intense fear for up to thirty minutes.
  • Night Terror
  • Sleep Apnea
  • Nightmare
  • Narcolepsy
A loss of memory for any event that occurs after a brain injury
  • Anterograde Amnesia
  • Context-dependent Memory
  • Episodic Memory
  • Selective Attention
A confounding variable that occurs when an experimenter unintentionally encourages participants to respond in a way that supports the hypothesis.
  • Experimenter Bias
  • Positive Psychology
  • Conditioned Stimulus
  • Texture Gradient
A cycle, such as waking and sleeping, that repeats about once a day.
  • Consciousness
  • Circadian Rhythm
  • Narcolepsy
  • Sleep Apnea
The parts of the nervous system encased in bone, including the brain and the spinal cord.
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Control Group
  • Central Nervous System
  • Psychodynamic Approach
Messages from the senses that make up the raw information that affects many kinds of behavior and mental processes.
  • Sensory
  • Transduction
  • Encoding
  • Sensations
A daytime sleep disorder in which a person switches abruptly from an active, often emotional waking state into several minutes of REM sleep
  • Narcolepsy
  • Insomnia
  • Sleep Apnea
  • Night Terror
The smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy
  • Selective Attention
  • Just-Noticeable Difference
  • Top-down Processing
  • Unconditioned Stimulus
A research method involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a particular individual, group, or situation.
  • Case Study
  • Hypothesis
  • Naturalistic Observation
  • Independent Variable
Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Spontaneous Recovery
  • Latent Learning
  • Observational Learning
A complex combination of cells whose primary function is to allow an organism to gain information about what is going on inside and outside the body and to respond appropriately.
  • Neuron
  • Nervous System
  • Cerebral Cortex
  • Synapse
The part of the hindbrain whose main functions include controlling finely coordinated movements and storing memories about movement, but which may also be involved in impulse control, emotion, and language.
  • Optic Chiasm
  • Cerebellum
  • Cerebral Cortex
  • Thalamus
The tiny gap between neurons across which they communicate
  • Myelin
  • Synapse
  • Dendrite
  • Axon
A research method that involves giving people questionnaires or special interviews designed to obtain descriptions of their attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and intentions.
  • Double-Blind Design
  • Survey
  • Cornea
  • Case Study
The surface at the back of the eye onto which the lens focuses light rays.
  • Iris
  • Retina
  • Blind Spot
  • Cornea
) A relatively long-lasting stage of memory whose capacity to store new information is believed to be unlimited.
  • State-dependent Memory
  • Episodic Memory
  • Long-Term Memory
  • Implicit Memory
Psychologists who study methods by which instructors teach and students learn and who apply their results to improving those methods
  • Central Nervous System
  • Forensic Psychologists
  • Biological Psychologists
  • Educational Psychologists
The automatic or unlearned reaction to a stimulus
  • Negative Reinforcers
  • Correlation Coefficient
  • Independent Variable
  • Unconditioned Response
In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment or provides some other baseline against which to compare the performance or response of the experimental group.
  • Dependent Variable
  • Case Study
  • Placebo
  • Control Group
The study of psychoactive drugs and their effects
  • Psychophysics
  • Antipsychotic Drugs
  • Neuropsychology
  • Psychopharmacology
Learning how to perform new behaviors by watching others
  • Latent Learning
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Observational Learning
  • Spontaneous Recovery
A massive bundle of fibers that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres and allows them to communicate with each other.
  • Long-Term Memory
  • Corpus Callosum
  • Conditioned Stimulus
  • Narcolepsy
The curved, transparent, protective layer through which light rays enter the eye.
  • Retina
  • Cornea
  • Cones
  • Iris
Aspects of recognition that are guided by higher-level cognitive processes and psychological factors such as expectations.
  • Selective Attention
  • Opponent-process Theory
  • Perception
  • Top-Down Processing
The process of recalling information stored in memory
  • Storage
  • Retrieval
  • Explicit Memory
  • Encoding
Psychologists who test IQ's, diagnose students' academic problems, and set up programs to improve students' achievement
  • School Psychologists
  • Context-Dependent Memory
  • Developmental Psychologists
  • Educational Psychologists
The gradual disappearance of operant behavior due to elimination of rewards for that behavior.
  • Stimulus Generalization
  • Extinction
  • Spontaneous Recovery
  • Latent Learning
A fiber that carries signals from the body of a neuron out to where communication occurs with other neurons.
  • Synapse
  • Axon
  • Myelin
  • Dendrite
A graduated change in the texture, or grain, of the visual field, whereby objects with finer, less detailed textures are perceived as more distant.
  • Perception
  • Texture Gradient
  • Relative Size
  • Selective Attention
The focusing of mental resources on only part of the stimulus field
  • Opponent-process Theory
  • Elaborative Rehearsal
  • Perception
  • Selective Attention
Psychoactive drug, such as opium, morphine, or heroin, that produces sleep-inducing and pain-relieving effects
  • Depressant
  • Hallucinogen
  • Stimulant
  • Opiate
Memory models in which new experiences change one's overall knowledge base.
  • Semantic memory
  • State-dependent memory
  • Maintenance rehearsal
  • Parallel Distributed Processing (Pdp) Models
A subsystem of the peripheral nervous system that carries messages between the central nervous system and the heart, lungs, and other organs and glands.
  • Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Educational Psychologists
  • Classical Conditioning
Fundamental unit of the nervous system; nerve cell.
  • Dendrite
  • Synapse
  • Axon
  • Neuron
A sleep disorder in which people briefly but repeatedly stop breathing during the night.
  • Sleep Apnea
  • Narcolepsy
  • Night Terror
  • Insomnia
An area of research focusing on the relationship between the physical characteristics of environmental stimuli and the psychological experiences those stimuli produce.
  • Preconscious Level
  • Top-Down Processing
  • Psychopharmacology
  • Psychophysics
Strategies for placing information in an organized context in order to remember it.
  • Elaborative Rehearsal
  • Chunks
  • Long-term Memory
  • Mnemonics
A process through which an organism learns to respond to the environment in a way that produces positive consequences and avoids negative ones
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Latent Learning
  • Spontaneous Recovery
  • Observational Learning
The process in which people intentionally try to remember something
  • Explicit Memory
  • Semantic Memory
  • Episodic Memory
  • Long-term Memory
A view developed by Freud that emphasizes the interplay of unconscious mental processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behavior.
  • Developmental Psychologists
  • Behavioral Approach
  • Naturalistic Observation
  • Psychodynamic Approach
Psychologists who seek to understand, describe, and explore how behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime.
  • Psychodynamic Approach
  • Developmental
  • Developmental Psychologists
  • Evolutionary
A level of mental activity that influences consciousness but is not conscious.
  • Preconscious Level
  • Unconscious Level
  • Unconditioned Stimulus
  • Semantic Memory
The difference between the peak and the baseline of a waveform.
  • Perception
  • Wavelength
  • Amplitude
  • Top-down Processing
A neurotransmitter used in the parts of the brain involved in regulating movement and experiencing pleasure.
  • Myelin
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Synapse
A condition in which changes in mental processes are extensive enough that a person or others notice significant differences in psychological and behavioral functioning.
  • Consciousness
  • Altered State Of Consciousness
  • Circadian Rhythm
  • Selective Attention
Memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled.
  • State-dependent Memory
  • Context-Dependent Memory
  • Episodic Memory
  • Mnemonics
A neurotransmitter used by cells in parts of the brain involved in the regulation of sleep, mood, and eating.
  • Myelin
  • Dopamine
  • Opiate
  • Serotonin
A memorization method that involves thinking about how new information relates to information already stored in long-term memory.
  • Selective Attention
  • Long-term Memory
  • Elaborative Rehearsal
  • Maintenance Rehearsal
The outer surface of the brain
  • Cerebral Cortex
  • Cerebellum
  • Thalamus
  • Axon
A neuron fiber that receives signals from the axons of other neurons and carries those signals to the cell body.
  • Myelin
  • Axon
  • Synapse
  • Dendrite
A phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus.
  • Stimulus Generalization
  • Extinction
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Spontaneous Recovery
Cells in the nervous system that hold neurons together and help them communicate with one another.
  • Glial Cells
  • Cerebral Cortex
  • Myelin
  • Dendrite
The process of selecting participants who are members of the population that the researcher wishes to study.
  • Forensic Psychologists
  • Sampling
  • Educational Psychologists
  • Biological Psychologists
Reinforcers that meet an organism's basic needs, such as food and water.
  • Negative Reinforcers
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Spontaneous Recovery
  • Primary Reinforcers
Stimuli that are perceived as one unit or as a meaningful grouping of information.
  • Storage
  • Mnemonics
  • Stimulant
  • Chunks
Awareness of external stimuli and one's own mental activity.
  • Consciousness
  • Perception
  • Selective Attention
  • Insomnia
A stage of sleep in which brain activity and other functions resemble the waking state but that is accompanied by rapid eye movements and virtual muscle paralysis.
  • stage 3 sleep
  • rem
  • d Eye Movement (Rem) Sleep
  • rem sleep
Psychoactive drug that alters consciousness by producing a temporary loss of contact with reality and changes in emotion, perception, and thought
  • Stimulant
  • Opiate
  • Depressant
  • Hallucinogen
Photoreceptors in the retina that help us to distinguish colors.
  • Rods
  • Cones
  • Cornea
  • Iris
A loss of memory for events prior to a brain injury.
  • Retroactive Interference
  • Explicit Memory
  • Retrieval
  • Retrograde Amnesia
A statistic, r, that summarizes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.
  • Standard Deviation
  • Independent Variable
  • Correlation Coefficient
  • Naturalistic Observation
The process of maintaining information in memory over time
  • Encoding
  • Implicit Memory
  • Retrieval
  • Storage
Awareness that a dream is a dream while it is happening.
  • Insomnia
  • Narcolepsy
  • Lucid Dreaming
  • Sleep Apnea
The variable manipulated by the researcher in an experiment.
  • Control Group
  • Placebo
  • Independent Variable
  • Hypothesis
An integrated set of propositions that can be used to account for, predict, and even suggest ways of controlling certain phenomena
  • Hypothesis
  • Theory
  • Variable
  • Naturalistic Observation
Psychologists who seek to assess, understand, and change abnormal behavior.
  • Cognitive Psychologists
  • Psychodynamic Approach
  • Clinical And Counseling Psychologists
  • Cerebellum
The reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction and without further pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
  • Stimulus Generalization
  • Extinction
  • Spontaneous Recovery
  • Latent Learning
A characteristic of memory in which recall of the first two or three items in a list is particularly good.
  • Implicit Memory
  • Primacy Effect
  • Recency Effect
  • Long-term Memory
The originally neutral stimulus that, through pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response.
  • Unconditioned Stimulus
  • Conditioned Response
  • Conditioned Stimulus
  • Critical Thinking
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Multiple Choice Questions
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