Multiple Choice Questions

Edema
  • the point where two blood vessels merge
  • drives fluid out of capillary (major force)
  • - by relaxation of the smooth muscl
  • the accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue
Portal system
  • Consists of veins on each side of the vertebral column that drain the back, thoracic and abdominal walls.
  • wrap around capillaries and contract, regulating blood flow
  • peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)
  • 2 consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart
Chemoreceptors are also located in the?
  • medulla oblongata.
  • aorta and carotid arteries.
  • hyperproteinemia.
  • considerably lower
Circulatory shock
  • is any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body's metabolic needs.
  • is a form of venous pooling shock that results from a sudden loss of vasomotor tone, allowing the vessels to dilate.
  • is produced by a loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding ulcers, burns, or dehydration.
  • The opposition to flow that blood encounters in vessels away from the heart
Aneurysm
  • -Weak point in an artery or the heart wall-Most common sites: abdominal aorta, renal arteries, and arterial circle at the base of the brain
  • is a quick and powerful way of altering blood pressure and flow
  • wrap around capillaries and contract, regulating blood flow
  • is a form of venous pooling shock that results from a sudden loss of vasomotor tone, allowing the vessels to dilate.
Varicose veins
  • supplies viscera and body wall
  • failure of venous valves
  • hyperproteinemia.
  • is caused by inadequate pumping by the heart, usually as a result of myocardial infarction.
Most blood is in the
  • -Tissue necrosis, pulmonary and cerebral edema, circulatory shock
  • veins
  • - Two arteries merge - Collateral (alternative) routes of blood supply - Coronary circulation and around joints
  • The opposition to flow that blood encounters in vessels away from the heart
Distributing (muscular/medium) arteries
  • - Increased CO and BP - Increased respiratory rate (thoracic pump) - Increased skeletal muscle pump
  • celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries.
  • - Increased capillary filtration • Kidney failure, histamine release, old age, poor venous return - Reduced capillary absorption • Hypoproteinemia, liver disease, dietary protein deficiency - Obstructed lymphatic drainage • Surgical removal of lymph node
  • • Distributes blood to specific organs • Little to no elastic tissue • Brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic • Smooth muscle layers ¾ wall thicknes
Vasomotion
  • is produced by a loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding ulcers, burns, or dehydration.
  • - by relaxation of the smooth muscl
  • -chronic low resting BP -Caused by blood loss, dehydration, anemia
  • is a quick and powerful way of altering blood pressure and flow
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
  • Arterial end = +3 out Venous end = +3 out
  • Artery flows directly into vein bypassing capillaries
  • Arterial end = -8 outVenous end = -8 out
  • Arterial end = 20 inVenous end = 20 in
drain blood from brain to
  • internal jugular vein
  • subclavian vein
  • Arterial end = 20 inVenous end = 20 in
  • aorta and carotid arteries.
Blood Pressure
  • -Normal value, young adult: 120/75 mm Hg -Blood pressure (BP) - the force that blood exerts against a vessel wal-Sphygmomanometer and Brachial artery -Pulse pressure
  • -Weak point in an artery or the heart wall-Most common sites: abdominal aorta, renal arteries, and arterial circle at the base of the brain
  • minimum arterial BP taken during ventricular relaxation (diastole) between heart beats
  • peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)
The fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end because?
  • celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries.
  • D. Central venous pressure being greater than pressure in the venules
  • the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.
  • The opposition to flow that blood encounters in vessels away from the heart
The most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary is
  • blood colloid osmotic pressure.
  • C. increased blood pressure
  • draws fluid into capillary
  • the great saphenous vein
Blood flow to the _______________ remains quite stable even when mean arterial pressure (MAP) fluctuates from 60 to 140 mm Hg.
  • considerably lower
  • hypothalamus
  • the vagus nerve.
  • the great saphenous vein
Three primary causes of Edema
  • occurs when cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart.
  • C. increased blood pressure
  • - smallest arteries • Control amount of blood to various organs* - are most significant point of control over peripheral resistance and flow -Arterioles produce half of the total peripheral resistance
  • - Increased capillary filtration • Kidney failure, histamine release, old age, poor venous return - Reduced capillary absorption • Hypoproteinemia, liver disease, dietary protein deficiency - Obstructed lymphatic drainage • Surgical removal of lymph node
Baroreceptors are located in the.?
  • supplies 80% of the cerebrum
  • aorta and carotid arteries.
  • medulla oblongata.
  • Arterial end = 30 out Venous end = 10 out
Exercise increases venous return in many ways:
  • occurs when any object, such as a growing tumor or aneurysm, compresses a vein and impedes its blood flow.
  • occurs when cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart.
  • - Increased CO and BP - Increased respiratory rate (thoracic pump) - Increased skeletal muscle pump
  • - Two arteries merge - Collateral (alternative) routes of blood supply - Coronary circulation and around joints
Blood Hydrostatic pressures (BHP
  • draws fluid into capillary
  • Arterial end = 28 in Venous end = 28 in
  • Arterial end = -8 outVenous end = -8 out
  • drives fluid out of capillary (major force)
Hypotension
  • -Tissue necrosis, pulmonary and cerebral edema, circulatory shock
  • is produced by a loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding ulcers, burns, or dehydration.
  • high blood pressure Chronic is resting BP > 140/90 Can weaken small arteries and cause aneurysms
  • -chronic low resting BP -Caused by blood loss, dehydration, anemia
Venous pooling occurs with inactivity
  • 1. Local control 2. Neural control 3. Hormonal control
  • - Venous pressure low- Prolonged standing - Jet pilot pressure suit
  • the heart beats faster and harder, increasing cardiac output and blood pressure.
  • D. Central venous pressure being greater than pressure in the venules
Arterial anastomosis
  • is produced by a loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding ulcers, burns, or dehydration.
  • - Two arteries merge - Collateral (alternative) routes of blood supply - Coronary circulation and around joints
  • - Increased CO and BP - Increased respiratory rate (thoracic pump) - Increased skeletal muscle pump
  • peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)
This is the longest vein, and portions of this vein are commonly used as grafts in coronary bypass surgery.
  • the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
  • the vagus nerve.
  • the great saphenous vein
  • The first, second, and third choices are correct
Peripheral Resistance
  • the heart beats faster and harder, increasing cardiac output and blood pressure.
  • peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)
  • The opposition to flow that blood encounters in vessels away from the heart
  • -Tissue necrosis, pulmonary and cerebral edema, circulatory shock
Neurogenic shock
  • - Most common - One vein empties directly into another - Vein blockage less serious
  • -chronic low resting BP -Caused by blood loss, dehydration, anemia
  • is produced by a loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding ulcers, burns, or dehydration.
  • is a form of venous pooling shock that results from a sudden loss of vasomotor tone, allowing the vessels to dilate.
Vessel changes names as passes to different regions
  • Arterial end = -8 outVenous end = -8 out
  • Subclavian to axillary to brachial to radial and ulnar
  • subclavian vein
  • D. Central venous pressure being greater than pressure in the venules
Arteriovenous anastomosis (shunt)
  • Artery flows directly into vein bypassing capillaries
  • Arterial end = 20 inVenous end = 20 in
  • Arterial end = +3 out Venous end = +3 out
  • Arterial end = -8 outVenous end = -8 out
Veins
  • Greater capacity for blood than arterie
  • receives most of the blood from the brain
  • Arterial end = -8 outVenous end = -8 out
  • wrap around capillaries and contract, regulating blood flow
Approximately what percent of fluid that exits the capillaries at the arterial end renters the capillaries at the venous end?
  • 90%
  • tunica externa; vasa vasorum
  • blood pressure.
  • hypothalamus
Hypovolemic shock
  • high blood pressure Chronic is resting BP > 140/90 Can weaken small arteries and cause aneurysms
  • is produced by a loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding ulcers, burns, or dehydration.
  • is a form of venous pooling shock that results from a sudden loss of vasomotor tone, allowing the vessels to dilate.
  • occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
Net filtration or reabsorption pressure
  • Arterial end = -8 outVenous end = -8 out
  • Arterial end = 28 in Venous end = 28 in
  • Arterial end = 13 outVenous end = 7 in
  • Arterial end = 30 out Venous end = 10 out
Colloid osmotic pressures (COP) or oncotic pressure
  • blood colloid osmotic pressure.
  • drives fluid out of capillary (major force)
  • Arterial end = 28 in Venous end = 28 in
  • draws fluid into capillary
Internal carotid artery (ICA)
  • Arterial end = 28 in Venous end = 28 in
  • Arterial end = +3 out Venous end = +3 out
  • supplies most external head structures
  • supplies 80% of the cerebrum
Colloid osmotic pressures (COP) Tissue fluid
  • aorta and carotid arteries.
  • the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
  • drain the external structures of the head
  • Arterial end = -8 outVenous end = -8 out
Oncotic pressure (net COP)
  • Arterial end = -8 outVenous end = -8 out
  • peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)
  • Arterial end = +3 out Venous end = +3 out
  • Arterial end = 20 inVenous end = 20 in
From superior to inferior, the major branches of the abdominal aorta are
  • • Biggest arteries • Aorta, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary trunk, and common iliac arteries • Much elastic tissue • Greatest pulse pressure
  • -Normal value, young adult: 120/75 mm Hg -Blood pressure (BP) - the force that blood exerts against a vessel wal-Sphygmomanometer and Brachial artery -Pulse pressure
  • - Raise or lower BP throughout the whole body - Re-routing blood from one region to another for perfusion of individual organs (Rest vs. Exercise
  • celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries.
Colloid osmotic pressures (COP) Blood
  • the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
  • Artery flows directly into vein bypassing capillaries
  • Arterial end = 28 in Venous end = 28 in
  • Arterial end = 20 inVenous end = 20 in
Upper limb is drained by
  • medulla oblongata.
  • veins
  • subclavian vein
  • supplies 80% of the cerebrum
Systolic pressure
  • peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction (ventricular systole)
  • minimum arterial BP taken during ventricular relaxation (diastole) between heart beats
  • link arterioles to capillaries
  • - Two arteries merge - Collateral (alternative) routes of blood supply - Coronary circulation and around joints
Arterioles
  • - Raise or lower BP throughout the whole body - Re-routing blood from one region to another for perfusion of individual organs (Rest vs. Exercise
  • - smallest arteries • Control amount of blood to various organs* - are most significant point of control over peripheral resistance and flow -Arterioles produce half of the total peripheral resistance
  • • Biggest arteries • Aorta, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary trunk, and common iliac arteries • Much elastic tissue • Greatest pulse pressure
  • - Increased capillary filtration • Kidney failure, histamine release, old age, poor venous return - Reduced capillary absorption • Hypoproteinemia, liver disease, dietary protein deficiency - Obstructed lymphatic drainage • Surgical removal of lymph node
Internal jugular vein
  • receives most of the blood from the brain
  • supplies 80% of the cerebrum
  • Arterial end = +3 out Venous end = +3 out
  • supplies most external head structures
Caused by 3 factors of Peripheral Resistance are
  • - Blood viscosity • Anemia and hypoproteinemia speed flow • Polycythemia and dehydration slow flow - Vessel length • The farther the liquid travels through a tube = more friction • Pressure and flow decline with distance - Vessel radius - most powerful influence over flow • Only significant way of controlling peripheral resistance. • Vasomotion
  • -Tissue necrosis, pulmonary and cerebral edema, circulatory shock
  • draws fluid into capillary
  • the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.
Anaphylactic shock
  • is caused by inadequate pumping by the heart, usually as a result of myocardial infarction.
  • occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
  • results from exposure to an antigen to which a person is allergic, such as bee venom.
  • -Tissue necrosis, pulmonary and cerebral edema, circulatory shock
Metarterioles
  • - Two arteries merge - Collateral (alternative) routes of blood supply - Coronary circulation and around joints
  • link arterioles to capillaries
  • the point where two blood vessels merge
  • failure of venous valves
Diastolic pressure
  • is caused by inadequate pumping by the heart, usually as a result of myocardial infarction.
  • results from exposure to an antigen to which a person is allergic, such as bee venom.
  • minimum arterial BP taken during ventricular relaxation (diastole) between heart beats
  • - Two arteries merge - Collateral (alternative) routes of blood supply - Coronary circulation and around joints
Low Venous Return (LVR) Shock
  • - Increased CO and BP - Increased respiratory rate (thoracic pump) - Increased skeletal muscle pump
  • Artery flows directly into vein bypassing capillaries
  • is caused by inadequate pumping by the heart, usually as a result of myocardial infarction.
  • occurs when cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart.
- Vasodilation
  • is a quick and powerful way of altering blood pressure and flow
  • link arterioles to capillaries
  • passes between clavicle and 1st rib
  • - by relaxation of the smooth muscl
The action potential from the brain to the heart travels along...
  • the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.
  • subclavian vein
  • the vagus nerve.
  • blood colloid osmotic pressure.
Hypertension
  • wrap around capillaries and contract, regulating blood flow
  • is produced by a loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding ulcers, burns, or dehydration.
  • is a quick and powerful way of altering blood pressure and flow
  • high blood pressure Chronic is resting BP > 140/90 Can weaken small arteries and cause aneurysms
Three ways of controlling vasomotion
  • D. Central venous pressure being greater than pressure in the venules
  • 1. Local control 2. Neural control 3. Hormonal control
  • Arterial end = 13 outVenous end = 7 in
  • drain the external structures of the head
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Multiple Choice Questions
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