1887 - Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business
  • Sherman Anti-Trust Act
  • Knights of Labor
  • Interstate Commerce Act
  • National Labor Union
This first national labor organization in US history was founded in 1866 and gained 600,000 members from many parts of the workforce, although it limited the participation of Chinese, women, and blacks. The organization devoted much of its energy to fighting for an eight-hour workday before it dissolved in 1872
  • National Labor Union
  • Interstate Commerce Act
  • Sherman Anti-Trust Act
  • Knights of Labor
Believers in the idea, popular in the late 19th century, that people gained wealth by "survival of the fittest." Therefore, the wealthy had simply won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor, and indeed service to the poor would interfere with this organic process. Some also applied their theory to whole nations and races, explaining that powerful peoples were naturally endowed with gifts that allowed them to gain superiority over others. This theory provided one of the popular justifications for US imperial ventures like the Spanish-American War
  • Social Darwinists
  • Standard Oil Company
  • horizontal integration
  • Haymarket Square
A union-organizing term that refers to the practice of allowing only unionized employees to work for a particular company. The AFL became known for negotiating such agreements with employers, in which the employer would agree not to hire non-union members
  • horizontal integration
  • Haymarket Square
  • closed shop
  • American Federation of Labor
A mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller oil companies
  • closed shop
  • Haymarket Square
  • interlocking directorates
  • trust
A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business, this was landmark legislation because it was one of the first Congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good. At first the law was mostly used to restrain trade unions as the courts tended to side with companies in legal cases. In 1914 the Act was revised so it could more effectively be used against monopolistic corporations
  • National Labor Union
  • Sherman Anti-Trust Act
  • Interstate Commerce Act
  • Knights of Labor
The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors
  • vertical integration
  • interlocking directorates
  • horizontal integration
  • Social Darwinists
The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition
  • American Federation of Labor
  • horizontal integration
  • vertical integration
  • interlocking directorates
A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded inLed by Samuel Gompers for nearly four decades, the group sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with better wages, hours, and conditions. The membership was almost entirely white and male until the middle of the 20th century
  • Haymarket Square
  • Standard Oil Company
  • vertical integration
  • American Federation of Labor
1886 - A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry
  • Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois
  • National Labor Union
  • Haymarket Square
  • Interstate Commerce Act
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