The clearance of what substance provides the best estimate of renal blood flow rate?
  • INULIN
  • glucose
  • OSMOLARITY
  • PAH
Changes in mean arterial pressure have the potential to alter glomerular filtration rate by directlyaltering which of the following?
  • glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • detrusor and the internal urethral sphincter
  • glomerular filtration pressure
  • Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure
Located entirely within the cortex, reabsorption of water and certain solutes from which region isunder hormonal control?
  • detrusor muscle only.
  • basement membrane
  • distal tubule
  • antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following pressures across the glomerular capillaries approaches zero?
  • Bowman's capsule
  • left the filtrate iso-osmotic
  • glomerular filtration rate × plasma concentration of solute
  • Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure
Which cells of the distal tubule secrete a paracrine in response to changes in the filtrate flow rate? 8
  • C) (PGC +ȱΔBC) - (PBC +ȱΔGC)
  • macula densa
  • basement membrane
  • macula densa cells
What is the brush border?
  • filtration fraction
  • apical membrane of renal tubule epithelial cells
  • microvilli on the apical membrane of the proximal tubule
  • glomerular filtration rate × plasma concentration of solute
The clearance of which of the following substances is normally zero?
  • PAH
  • clearance
  • glucose
  • kidneys
How does the sympathetic nervous system decrease glomerular filtration rate?
  • glomerular filtration rate × plasma concentration of solute
  • reabsorption
  • stimulates constriction of both the afferent and efferent arterioles
  • glomerular capillary osmotic pressure : filtration
In terms of controlling micturition, the somatic nervous system innervates the ________, theparasympathetic nervous system innervates the ________, and the sympathetic nervous systeminnervates the ________.
  • external urethral sphincter : detrusor muscle : internal urethral sphincter
  • ureter : urethra
  • secretion into the renal tubules
  • flow of tubular fluid : constrict the afferent arteriole
Tubular epithelial cells of the collecting duct and distal tubule contain receptors for what hormonethat stimulates water reabsorption?
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • ureter : urethra
  • distal tubule
  • stretch receptors
Within the kidneys, what membrane has microvilli?
  • FILTER LOAD
  • apical membrane of renal tubule epithelial cells
  • microvilli on the apical membrane of the proximal tubule
  • glomerular filtration rate × plasma concentration of solute
What are the specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the distal tubule called?
  • macula densa
  • Bowman's capsule
  • macula densa cells
  • clearance
If the amount of solute excreted per minute is greater than the filtered load, then the NET effect onthe solute is
  • C) (PGC +ȱΔBC) - (PBC +ȱΔGC)
  • glomerular filtration pressure
  • decrease in surface area of capillaries available for filtration
  • secretion into the renal tubules
Where does blood leaving the glomerulus go next?
  • FILTER LOAD
  • basement membrane
  • efferent arteriole
  • Bowman's capsule
Which of the following equations is correct for calculating the filtered load?
  • microvilli on the apical membrane of the proximal tubule
  • glomerular filtration rate × plasma concentration of solute
  • detrusor and the internal urethral sphincter
  • peritubular and vasa recta, respectively
What is the (urine concentration × urine flow rate)/plasma concentration equal to?
  • clearance
  • nephron
  • macula densa
  • FILTER LOAD
Which of the following conditions would increase glomerular filtration pressure?
  • renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries,afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole (R.S.I.A.I.A.G)
  • Which of the following conditions would increase glomerular filtration pressure?
  • macula densa
  • The detrusor muscles contract, muscles of the internal urethral sphincter relax, and muscles ofthe external urethral sphincter relax
The diffusion of water across a tubule is driven by differences in ________ across the membrane.
  • glucose
  • distal tubule
  • stretch receptors
  • OSMOLARITY
Substance X is freely filtered at the glomerulus. 3 mmole X is filtered, 2 mmole X is reabsorbed, and2 mmole X is secreted per minute. How much X is excreted per minute?
  • basement membrane
  • INULIN
  • 2 MMOLE
  • distal tubule
Which of the four Starling forces for glomerular filtration is incorrectly paired with the direction itfavors (filtration or absorption)?
  • reabsorption
  • Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure
  • glomerular filtration rate × plasma concentration of solute
  • glomerular capillary osmotic pressure : filtration
If the glomerular filtration rate is 150 mL/min, renal blood flow is 750 mL/min, and the plasmaconcentration of solute X is 10 ng/mL, then what is the filtration fraction?
  • reabsorption
  • juxtamedullary nephrons
  • PAH
  • 20%
What is the excretion rate/plasma concentration equal to?
  • macula densa
  • renal blood flow
  • clearance
  • filtration fraction
In tubuloglomerular feedback, an increase in glomerular filtration rate would increase the________, thereby stimulating the release of a paracrine factor from the macula densa that would________.
  • peritubular and vasa recta, respectively
  • decrease in surface area of capillaries available for filtration
  • flow of tubular fluid : constrict the afferent arteriole
  • Which of the following conditions would increase glomerular filtration pressure?
If the glomerular filtration rate is 150 mL/min, renal blood flow is 750 mL/min, and the plasmaconcentration of solute X is 10 ng/mL, then what is the filtered load of X?
  • INULIN
  • 1500 ng/min
  • secretion into the renal tubules
  • 20%
Which layer of the filtration barrier in Bowman's capsule is the primary barrier to the movement ofprotein from the capillary?
  • detrusor muscle only.
  • basement membrane
  • macula densa
  • C) (PGC +ȱΔBC) - (PBC +ȱΔGC)
Most reabsorption occurs in the ________ and is ________.
  • apical membrane of renal tubule epithelial cells
  • Bowman's capsule
  • secretion into the renal tubules
  • proximal tubule : not regulated
What is the sum of Starling's forces within the renal corpuscle called?
  • glomerular filtration pressure
  • left the filtrate iso-osmotic
  • glomerular filtration rate × plasma concentration of solute
  • Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure
Which equation describes the calculation of glomerular filtration pressure (BC = Bowman's capsuleand GC = glomerular capillary)?
  • macula densa cells
  • C) (PGC +ȱΔBC) - (PBC +ȱΔGC)
  • secretion into the renal tubules
  • peritubular and vasa recta, respectively
What are a small percentage of the nephrons in the kidneys that function in the maintenance of theosmotic gradient in the medullary region of the kidney called?
  • juxtamedullary nephrons
  • macula densa
  • glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • glomerular filtration pressure
Which capillaries branch from efferent arterioles of cortical nephrons and which branch fromefferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons?
  • glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • glomerular filtration pressure
  • peritubular and vasa recta, respectively
  • glomerular filtration rate × plasma concentration of solute
Which muscle(s) that regulate(s) micturition is/are under involuntary control?
  • detrusor and the internal urethral sphincter
  • renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries,afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole (R.S.I.A.I.A.G)
  • glomerular filtration pressure
  • Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure
In older children and adults, the cerebral cortex is able to block micturition by inhibiting nerveactivity to the
  • distal tubule
  • detrusor muscle only.
  • basement membrane
  • antidiuretic hormone
In diabetes mellitus, why does polyuria occur?
  • apical membrane of renal tubule epithelial cells
  • The detrusor muscles contract, muscles of the internal urethral sphincter relax, and muscles ofthe external urethral sphincter relax
  • Hyperglycemia causes some glucose to remain in the renal tubules which pulls water with itby osmosis
  • FILTER LOAD
Contraction of mesangial cells results in a(n) ________, which decreases glomerular filtration
  • Which of the following conditions would increase glomerular filtration pressure?
  • external urethral sphincter : detrusor muscle : internal urethral sphincter
  • decrease in surface area of capillaries available for filtration
  • glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
What is the GFR × plasma concentration equal to?
  • filtration fraction
  • renal blood flow
  • nephron
  • FILTER LOAD
What is the GFR/renal plasma flow equal to?
  • renal blood flow
  • filtration fraction
  • FILTER LOAD
  • Bowman's capsule
Filtration occurs across which capillary bed?
  • clearance
  • nephron
  • FILTER LOAD
  • glomerulus
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