Multiple Choice Questions

Recall begins to decline, especially for meaningless information. Recognition memory remains strong.
  • How do the bonds of attachment form between caregivers and infants?
  • How does memory change with age?
  • What are some of the newborn's abilities and traits?
  • How do people vary in their responses to a loved one's death?
During adolescence, parental influence diminishes and peer influence increases, in part because of the selection effect—the tendency to choose similar others as friends.Nature and nurture—genes and experiences—interact to guide our development.
  • How do twin and adoption studies help us understand the effects of nature and nurture?
  • What are three primary parenting styles, and what outcomes are associated with each?
  • To what extent are adolescent lives shaped by parental and peer influences?
  • How do the bonds of attachment form between caregivers and infants?
From conception to 2 weeks, the zygote is in a period of rapid cell development.By 6 weeks, the embryo's body organs begin to form and function.By 9 weeks, the fetus is recognizably human.Identical twins (monozygotic twins) develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two; fraternal twins (dizygotic twins) develop from separate fertilized eggs.Teratogens are potentially harmful agents that can pass through the placental screen and interfere with normal development, as happens with fetal alcohol syndrome.
  • What are the characteristics of emerging adulthood?
  • How did Piaget view the developmental stages of a child's mind, and how does current thinking about cognitive development differ?
  • How does life develop before birth, and how do teratogens put prenatal development at risk?
  • How does conception occur, and what are chromosomes, DNA, genes, and the genome? How do genes and the environment interact?
In his theory of cognitive development, Jean Piaget proposed that children actively construct and modify an understanding of the world through the processes of assimilation andaccommodation. They form schemas that help them organize their experiences.Piaget believed children construct an understanding of the world by interacting with it while moving through four cognitive stages:Sensorimotor stage-first two years; object permanencedevelops.Preoperational stage—about age 2 to 6 or 7; preschoolers areegocentric but begin to develop a theory of mind (except for those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), whose theory of mind is impaired).Concrete operational stage—6 or 7 to 11 years; mastery ofconservation and simple math.Formal operational stage—about age 12 and up; reasoning expands to abstract thinking.Current research supports the sequence Piaget proposed, but finds young children more capable and their development more continuous.Lev Vygotsky's studies of child development focused on the ways a child's mind grows by interacting with the social environment. Parents and other caregivers provide temporary scaffolds from which children can step to higher levels of thinking.
  • How did Piaget view the developmental stages of a child's mind, and how does current thinking about cognitive development differ?
  • How did Piaget, Kohlberg, and later researchers describe cognitive and moral development during adolescence?
  • What are the characteristics of emerging adulthood?
  • How does life develop before birth, and how do teratogens put prenatal development at risk?
Adulthood's two major commitments are love (Erikson's intimacy—forming close relationships) and work (productive activity, or what Erikson called generativity).Chance encounters affect many of our important decisions, such as our choice of romantic partners.The social clock is a culture's expected timing for social events, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
  • What are the three major issues studied by developmental psychologists?
  • What are adulthood's two primary commitments, and how do chance events and the social clock influence us?
  • What are three primary parenting styles, and what outcomes are associated with each?
  • Why do secure and insecure attachments matter, and how does an infant develop basic trust?
Erik Erikson proposed eight stages of psychosocial development across the life span.Each life stage has its own psychosocial task, with the chief task of adolescence being solidifying one's sense of self, one's identity. This often means trying out a number of different roles. Social identity is the part of the self-concept that comes from a person's group memberships.Erikson believed we need to achieve the following challenges: trust, autonomy, initiative, competency, identity (in adolescence), intimacy (in young adulthood), generativity, and integrity.
  • How does conception occur, and what are chromosomes, DNA, genes, and the genome? How do genes and the environment interact?
  • How do the brain and motor skills develop during infancy and childhood?
  • According to Erikson, what stages—and accompanying tasks and challenges—mark our psychosocial development?
  • How did Piaget, Kohlberg, and later researchers describe cognitive and moral development during adolescence?
Most older people retain a sense of well-being, partly due to the tendency to focus more on positive emotions and memories.People over 65 report as much happiness and satisfaction with life as younger people do. Many experience what Erikson called a sense of integrity— a feeling that one's life has been meaningful.
  • What are the three major issues studied by developmental psychologists?
  • How do people vary in their responses to a loved one's death?
  • What factors affect our well-being in later life?
  • What are some of the newborn's abilities and traits?
Infants develop stranger anxiety soon after object permanence.Infants form attachments with caregivers who not only satisfy nutritional needs but, more importantly, who are comfortable, familiar, and responsive.
  • How do our bodies and sensory abilities change from early to late adulthood?
  • How do the brain and motor skills develop during infancy and childhood?
  • How do twin and adoption studies help us understand the effects of nature and nurture?
  • How do the bonds of attachment form between caregivers and infants?
Attachment styles differ (secure or insecure) due to the child's individual temperament and the responsiveness of the child's caregivers.Securely attached children develop basic trust and tend to have healthier adult relationships.Neglect or abuse can disrupt the attachment process and put children at risk for physical, psychological, and social problems.
  • Why do secure and insecure attachments matter, and how does an infant develop basic trust?
  • How does conception occur, and what are chromosomes, DNA, genes, and the genome? How do genes and the environment interact?
  • How do twin and adoption studies help us understand the effects of nature and nurture?
  • What are three primary parenting styles, and what outcomes are associated with each?
Emerging adulthood is the period from age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many young people in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults.
  • What are the characteristics of emerging adulthood?
  • How does life develop before birth, and how do teratogens put prenatal development at risk?
  • How did Piaget view the developmental stages of a child's mind, and how does current thinking about cognitive development differ?
  • What are some of the newborn's abilities and traits?
Parents influence our manners, attitudes, values, faith, and politics.Language and other behaviors are shaped by peer groups, as children adjust to fit in.
  • Does parenting matter?
  • What are three primary parenting styles, and what outcomes are associated with each?
  • To what extent are adolescent lives shaped by parental and peer influences?
  • How does memory change with age?
Studies of separated identical twins allow researchers to maintain the same genes while testing the effects of different home environments. Studies of adoptive families let researchers maintain the same home environment while studying the effects of genetic differences.
  • How do the bonds of attachment form between caregivers and infants?
  • What defines adolescence, and what major physical changes occur during adolescence?
  • How do our bodies and sensory abilities change from early to late adulthood?
  • How do twin and adoption studies help us understand the effects of nature and nurture?
Normal grief reactions vary widely. People do not grieve in predictable stages.Immediate strong expression of grief does not purge the grief more quickly, and bereavement therapy is not significantly more effective than grieving without such aid.Death of a loved one is much harder to accept when it comes before its expected time.
  • How do people vary in their responses to a loved one's death?
  • How do the brain and motor skills develop during infancy and childhood?
  • How do our bodies and sensory abilities change from early to late adulthood?
  • How do the bonds of attachment form between caregivers and infants?
In Jean Piaget's view, formal operations (abstract reasoning) develop in adolescence, and this development is the basis for moral judgment. Research indicates that these abilities begin to emerge earlier than Piaget believed.Lawrence Kohlberg proposed a stage theory of moral thinking: preconventional morality (self-interest), conventional morality (gaining others' approval or doing one's duty), and postconventional morality (basic rights and self-defined ethical principles).Kohlberg's critics note that the postconventional level is culturally limited, representing morality only from the perspective of an individualist, middle-class society.Other researchers believe that morality lies in moral intuition and moral action as well as thinking.
  • How do the brain and motor skills develop during infancy and childhood?
  • According to Erikson, what stages—and accompanying tasks and challenges—mark our psychosocial development?
  • How does conception occur, and what are chromosomes, DNA, genes, and the genome? How do genes and the environment interact?
  • How did Piaget, Kohlberg, and later researchers describe cognitive and moral development during adolescence?
Most brain cells form before birth. With maturation and experience, their interconnections multiply rapidly and become more complex after birth. A pruning process strengthens heavily used links and weakens unused ones, and we seem to have a critical period for some skills, such as language.Complex motor skills—sitting, standing, walking—develop in a predictable sequence. Timing may vary with individual maturation and with culture.We have few conscious memories of events occurring before age 4, a blank space in our conscious memory psychologists call infantile amnesia.
  • What are the three major issues studied by developmental psychologists?
  • How do our bodies and sensory abilities change from early to late adulthood?
  • How do the brain and motor skills develop during infancy and childhood?
  • How do the bonds of attachment form between caregivers and infants?
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Multiple Choice Questions
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