Chap 11: Crustal Deformation + Mountain Building * Quiz

tensional- When crustal rocks near the surface are subjected to tensional stress, they undergo brittle deformation and fault-block mountains can be produced.- Fault-block mountains often consist of alternating upthrown and down-dropped blocks.

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Which type of stress has produced the fault-block mountains in the Basin and Range Province?
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Which geologic features would be present in compressional mountain belts? (3 Answers)
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Which type of stress would you expect to find at a divergent boundary?
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Which type of stress would you expect to find at a transform boundary?

Brittle Deformation - Stress breaks the chemical bonds that hold a material together. Ductile Deformation - Stress changes the shape of an object without breaking bonds (like clay or metals).

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Compare and contrast brittle and ductile deformation.
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How is the concept of isostasy related to mountain building?
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How are elastic, brittle and ductile deformations different?
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Which type of fault is found in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa?

intrusive igneous rock, folds, thrust faults- Partial melting creates magma, which is emplaced near the plate boundary.Rocks that are compressed become "wrinkled."Thrust faults result from compressional force.

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Which feature is not considered a rock structure? (aa, fracture, fold, joint, fault)
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Which feature would you expect to find associated with continental collisions?
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Which tectonic boundary is associated with the addition of terranes to a continent?
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Which geologic features would be present in compressional mountain belts? (3 Answers)

1) Temperature - Warm temps make rock more ductile.Cold temps make rock more brittle.2) Confining Pressure - Confining pressure squeezesthe rock together, making it harder to break.3) Rock type - Composition affects the strength ofinternal bonds.4) Time - Slow deformation tends to make rocks bend;fast deformation tends to make them break.

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4 Factors that Affect Rock Strength...
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What are the stages in formation of a major mountain belt?
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Folds exhibit which type of deformation?
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Differentiate stress from strain.

The term strain refers to the relative deformation of a body. In two dimensions, it would refer to the relative change in length, which is (new length/old length). It is dimensionless. Stress has to do with how much force is being applied to an object.

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4 Factors that Affect Rock Strength...
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Describe the 3 types of differential stress?
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Which feature is not considered a rock structure? (aa, fracture, fold, joint, fault)
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Differentiate stress from strain.

Orogenesis refers to processes that collectivelyproduce a mountain belt. Most mountain building occurs at convergent plate boundaries.1) Andean-type mountain building(e.g., Andes Mountains )• Oceanic-continental crust convergence• Types related to the overriding plate 2) Continental collisions• Where two plates with continental crust converge 3) Continental accretion• Third mechanism of mountain building• Small crustal fragments collide with and accrete tocontinental margins• Accreted crustal blocks are called terranes• Occurred along the Pacific Coast

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Which type of stress produces most crustal deformation?
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How is the concept of isostasy related to mountain building?
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How are elastic, brittle and ductile deformations different?
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What are the stages in formation of a major mountain belt?

tension- Where two plates are moving away from each other at a divergent boundary, you would observe tensional stress being exerted on the rocks. This would result in relatively thinner crust along the boundary.- Crustal thinning occurs at divergent boundaries.

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Which type of stress would you expect to find at a divergent boundary?
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Which type of stress has produced the fault-block mountains in the Basin and Range Province?
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Which type of stress on rock is uniform in all directions?
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Which type of fault is found in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa?

The hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall.- When tensional stress is applied to rocks and normal faulting occurs, the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall.- If you were to walk down the fault plane, the footwall is where your feet would make contact and the hanging wall is on the block where you'd hang your lantern (or hat, etc).

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Briefly describe the relative motion of rock bodies located on opposite sides of normal, reverse, and thrust faults as well as both types of strike-slip faults.
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Sketch a cross section of an Andean-type mountain belt and describe how its major features are generated.
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In a normal dip-slip fault, which of the following statements describes the movement of the hanging wall relative to the footwall?
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Which is not an example of a small crustal fragment that could collide with a continental landmass, forming mountainous topography?

divergent boundaries- Because rocks at divergent boundaries experience tensional stresses, the likelihood of folds forming there is low.

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Folded rocks are uncommon in which tectonic setting?
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In which tectonic setting would you expect to observe overthrust faults?
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Which tectonic boundary is associated with the addition of terranes to a continent?
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If the Rocky Mountains were eroded, what would happen to the roots of the mountains?

(e.g., Andes Mountains )• Oceanic-continental crust convergence• Types related to the overriding plate- Passive margins» Prior to the formation of a subduction zone» e.g., east coast of North America- Active continental margins» Subduction zone forms» Deformation process begins» Continental volcanic arc forms» Accretionary wedge forms

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Which tectonic process has formed the mountain belts along the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia?
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When a terrane impacts the margin of a continental plate, what is the fate of the oceanic plate upon which the terrane has been traveling?
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Sketch a cross section of an Andean-type mountain belt and describe how its major features are generated.
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Which type of stress has produced the fault-block mountains in the Basin and Range Province?

formation of a volcanic arc- As the oceanic crust of the Nazca Plate is forced under the South American Plate in a subduction zone, compression and volcanism has led to the creation of the Andes.

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What type of tectonic activity led to the formation and uplift of the Andes on the western margin of the South American Plate?
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As an island arc system collides with the edge of a continental landmass, which tectonic scenario would be the result?
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What do geologists call small accreted crustal fragments that have a geologic history distinct from adjacent blocks?
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Which type of stress on rock is uniform in all directions?

Isostasy is the concept of a floating crust in gravitationalbalance. When weight is removed from the crust, crustal uplifting occurs. Process is called isostatic adjustment.

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How is the concept of isostasy related to mountain building?
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What are the stages in formation of a major mountain belt?
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Explain the principle of isostasy and how it contributes to the elevated topography of young mountain belts like the Himalayas.
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_____ is the principle that explains why materials uplift to a certain elevation.

ductile- As stress is applied to rocks at depth, ductile deformation induces folds.

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Folds exhibit which type of deformation?
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Which type of stress produces most crustal deformation?
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What is the name of the process by which terranes are added to continents?
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Folded rocks are uncommon in which tectonic setting?

convergent boundaries- Because compressional stress is exerted on rocks at convergent boundaries, reverse, thrust, and overthrust faults are the common types associated with this type of boundary.- Overthrust faults involve both folds and large-scale thrust faults.

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Which tectonic process has formed the mountain belts along the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia?
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In which tectonic setting would you expect to observe overthrust faults?
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Which feature would you expect to find associated with continental collisions?
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Which type of stress on rock is uniform in all directions?

schist- Metamorphic schist forms in high-pressure environments such as subduction zones.

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Which of the following rocks are characteristic of compressional mountain building?
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Which of the following scenarios could result in the development of a compressional mountain belt?
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Which type of stress would you expect to find at a transform boundary?
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Which type of stress would you expect to find at a divergent boundary?

The island arc is peeled off the oceanic plate and a volcanic arc is produced by subduction.- As the oceanic plate is subducted, any island arc system that has been developed on it will be peeled off and smeared onto the edge of the continent, producing a terrane.

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What type of tectonic activity led to the formation and uplift of the Andes on the western margin of the South American Plate?
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Which is not an example of a small crustal fragment that could collide with a continental landmass, forming mountainous topography?
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Which of the following scenarios could result in the development of a compressional mountain belt?
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As an island arc system collides with the edge of a continental landmass, which tectonic scenario would be the result?

Europe and Asia- Uplift of the Ural Mountains took place at the end of the Paleozoic, when the continental masses of Asia and Europe were welded together by collision.

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Which type of fault is found in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa?
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The Black Hills of South Dakota are a good example of which feature?
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The Ural Mountains were formed by the collision of which continents?
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What landmasses stuck to North America and increased its size? (3)

1) Normal fault - hanging wall block moves down2 & 3) Reverse and thrust faults - Hanging wall block moves up, caused by strong compressional stresses. Reverse fault - dips greater than 45°. Thrust fault - dips less than 45°4) Strike-slip faults - Dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel to the trend, or strike.

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Sketch a cross section of an Andean-type mountain belt and describe how its major features are generated.
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Batholiths, such as those that make up the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, form at great depth in the crust. How could they have been exposed at the surface?
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Explain the principle of isostasy and how it contributes to the elevated topography of young mountain belts like the Himalayas.
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Briefly describe the relative motion of rock bodies located on opposite sides of normal, reverse, and thrust faults as well as both types of strike-slip faults.

1) Elastic Deformation - Stress is applied gradually sorocks can respond slowly. Chemical bonds are stretchbut don't break. When stress is removed, bonds goback to original length.2) Brittle Deformation - Stress breaks the chemicalbonds that hold a material together.3) Ductile Deformation - Stress changes the shape ofan object without breaking bonds (like clay ormetals).

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What are the stages in formation of a major mountain belt?
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How are elastic, brittle and ductile deformations different?
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Compare and contrast brittle and ductile deformation.
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Which type of stress would you expect to find at a transform boundary?

reverse faults- As portions of continental plates collide, associated compressional stress produces reverse faults in brittle surface rocks.

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Which tectonic boundary is associated with the addition of terranes to a continent?
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Which feature would you expect to find associated with continental collisions?
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Which term is used to describe a fold in which one limb has been tilted far beyond the vertical?
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Which of the following scenarios could result in the development of a compressional mountain belt?

Folds, Anticlines "up", Synclines "down"

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What structures form as a result of ductile deformation?
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Which type of stress produces most crustal deformation?
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What is the name of the process by which terranes are added to continents?
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What are the stages in formation of a major mountain belt?

dome- Because the limbs of the structure associated with the Black Hills all dip away from the center of the hills, the feature is known as a dome.

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The Ural Mountains were formed by the collision of which continents?
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The Black Hills of South Dakota are a good example of which feature?
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Which type of stress produces most crustal deformation?
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Which feature would you expect to find associated with continental collisions?

The terrane cannot be subducted, which causes the oceanic plate on which it has been traveling to break off and continue downward beneath the continental crust.- The density of the terrane is such that it is more buoyant than the oceanic plate on which it is riding. As a result, the oceanic plate breaks off and continues to travel beneath the continental lithosphere and is subducted and recycled.

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Sketch a cross section of an Andean-type mountain belt and describe how its major features are generated.
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When a terrane impacts the margin of a continental plate, what is the fate of the oceanic plate upon which the terrane has been traveling?
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Which tectonic process has formed the mountain belts along the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia?
0%
Briefly describe the relative motion of rock bodies located on opposite sides of normal, reverse, and thrust faults as well as both types of strike-slip faults.

normal- Normal faults are generally found where plates are being separated and tensional stresses are exerted on rocks at divergent boundaries, such as the Great Rift Valley of East Africa.

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Which term is used to describe a fold in which one limb has been tilted far beyond the vertical?
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Which type of stress on rock is uniform in all directions?
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Which type of stress has produced the fault-block mountains in the Basin and Range Province?
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Which type of fault is found in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa?

two landmasses collide- When two landmasses collide, such as at a convergent boundary, the edges will fold and buckle to create mountains.

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Which feature would you expect to find associated with continental collisions?
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Which of the following rocks are characteristic of compressional mountain building?
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Which is not an example of a small crustal fragment that could collide with a continental landmass, forming mountainous topography?
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Which of the following scenarios could result in the development of a compressional mountain belt?

a mass of rock that formed elsewhere and was added to a continent- Terranes are added to continents where subduction zones develop.

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Folded rocks are uncommon in which tectonic setting?
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A terrane is __________.
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Differentiate stress from strain.
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If the Rocky Mountains were eroded, what would happen to the roots of the mountains?

The roots would rebound upward.- The crust will uplift as weight is removed, which will also make the roots move upward.

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If the Rocky Mountains were eroded, what would happen to the roots of the mountains?
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Which of the following scenarios could result in the development of a compressional mountain belt?
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Using what you know about isostasy, how would the crust behave if a large glacier were removed?
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Which tectonic boundary is associated with the addition of terranes to a continent?

Small crustal fragments have been accreted on the northwestern margin of the North American Plate.- The mountain ranges that dominate the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia were formed as a sequence of terranes was smeared onto the margin of North America when the intervening oceanic crust was subducted.

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Which tectonic boundary is associated with the addition of terranes to a continent?
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Which tectonic process has formed the mountain belts along the coasts of Alaska and British Columbia?
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Which geologic features would be present in compressional mountain belts? (3 Answers)
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Which term is used to describe a fold in which one limb has been tilted far beyond the vertical?

convergent boundary- Terranes are added to a continent through subduction.

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Which tectonic boundary is associated with the addition of terranes to a continent?
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Which term is used to describe a fold in which one limb has been tilted far beyond the vertical?
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Which geologic features would be present in compressional mountain belts? (3 Answers)
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In which tectonic setting would you expect to observe overthrust faults?

accretion- Accretion occurs as a result of a subducting plate.

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How is the concept of isostasy related to mountain building?
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Which of the following rocks are characteristic of compressional mountain building?
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Which tectonic boundary is associated with the addition of terranes to a continent?
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What is the name of the process by which terranes are added to continents?

confining pressure- In situations such as deep burial, confining pressure exerts uniform stress in all directions.- Uniform stress can be thought of as many equal forces all acting in the same direction (all inward, all outward, etc).

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In which tectonic setting would you expect to observe overthrust faults?
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Which type of fault is found in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa?
0%
Which type of stress on rock is uniform in all directions?
0%
Which type of stress has produced the fault-block mountains in the Basin and Range Province?

Isostasy

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What is the name of the process by which terranes are added to continents?
0%
Explain the principle of isostasy and how it contributes to the elevated topography of young mountain belts like the Himalayas.
0%
Which of the following rocks are characteristic of compressional mountain building?
0%
_____ is the principle that explains why materials uplift to a certain elevation.

Iapetus Ocean Island Arc and sediments, the Avalon Terrane, and a remnant of Africa.

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What structures form as a result of ductile deformation?
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What landmasses stuck to North America and increased its size? (3)
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What is the name of the process by which terranes are added to continents?
0%
The Black Hills of South Dakota are a good example of which feature?

terranes- Small accreted crustal fragments such as those occurring in Alaska and British Columbia that possess unique geologic history are known as terranes.

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Which of the following scenarios could result in the development of a compressional mountain belt?
0%
Which term is used to describe a fold in which one limb has been tilted far beyond the vertical?
0%
What do geologists call small accreted crustal fragments that have a geologic history distinct from adjacent blocks?
0%
Explain the principle of isostasy and how it contributes to the elevated topography of young mountain belts like the Himalayas.

Cascades- The Cascade Mountains in the northwestern United States were produced by the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath the North American Plate, creating a volcanic arc.

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Which term is used to describe a fold in which one limb has been tilted far beyond the vertical?
0%
What do geologists call small accreted crustal fragments that have a geologic history distinct from adjacent blocks?
0%
Which of the following scenarios could result in the development of a compressional mountain belt?
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Which mountainous range is not the result of continental collision? (Cascades, Caucasus, Caledonians, Alps, Appalachians)

Isostasy - Concept of a floating crust in gravitationalbalance• When weight is removed from the crust, crustal uplifting occurs• Process is called isostatic adjustment

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Which is not an example of a small crustal fragment that could collide with a continental landmass, forming mountainous topography?
0%
_____ is the principle that explains why materials uplift to a certain elevation.
0%
Explain the principle of isostasy and how it contributes to the elevated topography of young mountain belts like the Himalayas.
0%
What do geologists call small accreted crustal fragments that have a geologic history distinct from adjacent blocks?

tensional- When crustal rocks near the surface are subjected to tensional stress, they undergo brittle deformation and fault-block mountains can be produced.- Fault-block mountains often consist of alternating upthrown and down-dropped blocks.

Brittle Deformation - Stress breaks the chemical bonds that hold a material together. Ductile Deformation - Stress changes the shape of an object without breaking bonds (like clay or metals).

intrusive igneous rock, folds, thrust faults- Partial melting creates magma, which is emplaced near the plate boundary.Rocks that are compressed become "wrinkled."Thrust faults result from compressional force.

The term strain refers to the relative deformation of a body. In two dimensions, it would refer to the relative change in length, which is (new length/old length). It is dimensionless. Stress has to do with how much force is being applied to an object.

tension- Where two plates are moving away from each other at a divergent boundary, you would observe tensional stress being exerted on the rocks. This would result in relatively thinner crust along the boundary.- Crustal thinning occurs at divergent boundaries.

divergent boundaries- Because rocks at divergent boundaries experience tensional stresses, the likelihood of folds forming there is low.

formation of a volcanic arc- As the oceanic crust of the Nazca Plate is forced under the South American Plate in a subduction zone, compression and volcanism has led to the creation of the Andes.

Isostasy is the concept of a floating crust in gravitationalbalance. When weight is removed from the crust, crustal uplifting occurs. Process is called isostatic adjustment.

ductile- As stress is applied to rocks at depth, ductile deformation induces folds.

convergent boundaries- Because compressional stress is exerted on rocks at convergent boundaries, reverse, thrust, and overthrust faults are the common types associated with this type of boundary.- Overthrust faults involve both folds and large-scale thrust faults.

schist- Metamorphic schist forms in high-pressure environments such as subduction zones.

The island arc is peeled off the oceanic plate and a volcanic arc is produced by subduction.- As the oceanic plate is subducted, any island arc system that has been developed on it will be peeled off and smeared onto the edge of the continent, producing a terrane.

Europe and Asia- Uplift of the Ural Mountains took place at the end of the Paleozoic, when the continental masses of Asia and Europe were welded together by collision.

reverse faults- As portions of continental plates collide, associated compressional stress produces reverse faults in brittle surface rocks.

Folds, Anticlines "up", Synclines "down"

dome- Because the limbs of the structure associated with the Black Hills all dip away from the center of the hills, the feature is known as a dome.

normal- Normal faults are generally found where plates are being separated and tensional stresses are exerted on rocks at divergent boundaries, such as the Great Rift Valley of East Africa.

two landmasses collide- When two landmasses collide, such as at a convergent boundary, the edges will fold and buckle to create mountains.

a mass of rock that formed elsewhere and was added to a continent- Terranes are added to continents where subduction zones develop.

The roots would rebound upward.- The crust will uplift as weight is removed, which will also make the roots move upward.

convergent boundary- Terranes are added to a continent through subduction.

accretion- Accretion occurs as a result of a subducting plate.

confining pressure- In situations such as deep burial, confining pressure exerts uniform stress in all directions.- Uniform stress can be thought of as many equal forces all acting in the same direction (all inward, all outward, etc).

Isostasy

Iapetus Ocean Island Arc and sediments, the Avalon Terrane, and a remnant of Africa.

terranes- Small accreted crustal fragments such as those occurring in Alaska and British Columbia that possess unique geologic history are known as terranes.

Cascades- The Cascade Mountains in the northwestern United States were produced by the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath the North American Plate, creating a volcanic arc.

Isostasy - Concept of a floating crust in gravitationalbalance• When weight is removed from the crust, crustal uplifting occurs• Process is called isostatic adjustment

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