Order the events in the history of the Carribean Basin beginning with the oldest event at the top and the most current event at the bottom.
  • rollback
  • North America split from Africa and South America through continental rifting.Seafloor spreading moved North America farther from Africa and South America.An island arc and oceanic plateau collided with Florida near Cuba.
  • Mid-ocean RidgeAbyssal PlainOceanic trench
  • A conical basaltic volcano forms an island.The volcanic mountain cools and subsides.The top of the volcano flattened by wave erosion and continues to subside.The flat-topped volcano is buried by sediment.
A dense mixture of water and sediment that flows downslope underwater is called a __________.
  • turbidity current
  • submarine fan
  • turbidity
  • Spreading center
Sediments in a submarine farm have graded beds because they are deposited by _____ currents
  • turbidity current
  • composite
  • submarine
  • turbidity
The continental collision of the Eurasian and Arabian plates formed the __________.
  • Persian Gulf
  • Normal Faulting
  • Carbonate
  • island arcs
Order the location of the seafloor regions by elevation with highest at the top and the lowest at the bottom
  • Minerals from volcanic unitsFossils
  • Cayman Trough - Transform BoundaryLesser Antilles - Subduction of the North American plate.Central America - Subduction of Cocos plate
  • A conical basaltic volcano forms an island.The volcanic mountain cools and subsides.The top of the volcano flattened by wave erosion and continues to subside.The flat-topped volcano is buried by sediment.
  • Mid-ocean RidgeAbyssal PlainOceanic trench
Put the following phrases in the correct order to describe the formation of the salt deposits underlying the Gulf of Mexico. Put the first step on top.
  • Basaltic lava erupts from the rift.Blocks of oceanic crust are downdropped in normal faults.Sediment settles onto new basalt.Oceanic crust has a smooth surface covered by layered sediment.
  • ----Direct----Drilling into the seafloorVisiting with manned subs----Remote-----Observing with satellitesMapping with sonar
  • Central Atlantic OceanNorth America and AfricaSouth Atlantic OceanAfrica and South AmericaNorth Atlantic OceanNorth America and Europe
  • 1. Salt was deposited during the Mesozoic era2. Salt was buried causing it to flow upward and sideways3. The moving salt created folds and domes in the overlying rocks4. Oil and gas were trapped in the folded sedimentary rocks
The yellow areas on the map indicate that the process of __________ is occurring in the Gulf of California, in addition to seafloor spreading.
  • Ontong JavaKerguelen
  • turbidity current
  • continentaloceanic
  • Transform faulting
Manganese nodules form on the deep seafloor as manganese and other metals precipitate from _________.
  • seamount
  • Black Sea
  • hydrothermal
  • seawater
What were the key methodologies used to gain an understanding of the undersea geology of the Gulf of Mexico and the Carribean, in order to reconstruct the region's history?
  • Very soluble in waterCan flow to form domesDeposited in layers
  • Seafloor mapping and geophysical surveys conducted for petroleum exploration.
  • A back-arc basin forms.A spreading center develops.The crust thins and a rift forms.
  • Clear water is present in this zone.Warm water is present in this zone.
Put the processes that first occur when oceanic plates spread apart at the mid-ocean ridge in order.
  • Central Atlantic OceanNorth America and AfricaSouth Atlantic OceanAfrica and South AmericaNorth Atlantic OceanNorth America and Europe
  • 1. Salt was deposited during the Mesozoic era2. Salt was buried causing it to flow upward and sideways3. The moving salt created folds and domes in the overlying rocks4. Oil and gas were trapped in the folded sedimentary rocks
  • Basaltic lava erupts from the rift.Blocks of oceanic crust are downdropped in normal faults.Sediment settles onto new basalt.Oceanic crust has a smooth surface covered by layered sediment.
  • AtollCurved reef surrounding a shallow lagoon.Barrier reefForms at the edge of a continent.Fringing reefSurrounds and/or may be attached to an island.Carbonate platformForms a broad, shallow platform.
Which conditions promote the growth of coral reefs?
  • Graded BedsSubmarine fans
  • Minerals from volcanic unitsFossils
  • Clear waterShallow waterWarm water
  • Seafloor spreadingTransform faulting
Rock units beneath the sea floor can be imaged with sound waves using a method called ______.
  • Seismic-Reflection Profiling
  • Bacteria that break down H2S
  • of back-arc seafloor spreading
  • Minerals from volcanic unitsFossils
Oceanic plateaus form from basaltic volcanism originating from ___________.
  • turbidity
  • Black Sea
  • hot spots
  • island arcs
What information can be determined directly by analyzing seafloor drill cores?
  • The Atlantic Ocean does not have major subduction.The Atlantic Ocean has a spreading center.
  • Central Atlantic Ocean (first)South Atlantic OceanNorth Atlantic Ocean (last)
  • The formed from hot spots.
  • The type of sediment on the seafloor.The type of rock on the seafloor.The rate of sediment deposition.
Hot spots form linear island chains because _______.
  • volcanically active island chains
  • the plate moves relative to the underlying hot spot.
  • Salt glaciersDomesA slip plane for thrust faults
  • Clear waterShallow waterWarm water
The Indian Ocean began to form about ________ million years ago.
  • rollback
  • A volcanic island forms, establishing a shoreline for the construction of a fringing reef.An island subsides, forming a barrier reef some distance from the shoreline.A central, shallow lagoon forms surrounded by a ring of coral and other carbonate material.
  • More
  • 120
The hot water emitted by _____ at mid-ocean ridges is actually recycled seawater that flows into the subsurface and is heated by a magma source.
  • back-arc basin
  • Black Sea
  • graded beds
  • black smokers
Match the location on the map with the plate-tectonic boundary that occurs there.
  • Cayman Trough - Transform BoundaryLesser Antilles - Subduction of the North American plate.Central America - Subduction of Cocos plate
  • Central Atlantic OceanNorth America and AfricaSouth Atlantic OceanAfrica and South AmericaNorth Atlantic OceanNorth America and Europe
  • SeamountSubmarine volcanic eruptions.TrenchDownwarping of an oceanic plate as it plunges beneath another plate.Mid-ocean ridgeWell-defined rift found at divergent boundaries.
  • Seamount - Isolated mountainAbyssal plain Deep seafloor with smooth topographyOceanic trench- Deepest part of the ocean
The shallower, eastern part of the Bering Sea is underlain by _________ crust,whereas the deeper, western part is underlain by ________ crust.
  • back-arc basin
  • of back-arc seafloor spreading
  • continentaloceanic
  • continental slope
What is the source of energy for giant tube worms and clams that live at hydrothermal vents?
  • The formed from hot spots.
  • Seismic-Reflection Profiling
  • Bacteria that break down H2S
  • of back-arc seafloor spreading
Use the map to determine what types of plate motion are occurring in the Gulf of California today.
  • Minerals from volcanic unitsFossils
  • Seismic-Reflection Profiling
  • Along the continental margins.Near river mouths
  • Seafloor spreadingTransform faulting
Order the steps in atoll formation from first on top to last on bottom.
  • Mid-Alantic RidgeWell-defined central rift valley.East Pacific RiseBroad and lacking a central rift.
  • SeamountSubmarine volcanic eruptions.TrenchDownwarping of an oceanic plate as it plunges beneath another plate.Mid-ocean ridgeWell-defined rift found at divergent boundaries.
  • A volcanic island forms, establishing a shoreline for the construction of a fringing reef.An island subsides, forming a barrier reef some distance from the shoreline.A central, shallow lagoon forms surrounded by a ring of coral and other carbonate material.
  • A conical basaltic volcano forms an island.The volcanic mountain cools and subsides.The top of the volcano flattened by wave erosion and continues to subside.The flat-topped volcano is buried by sediment.
Why are reefs located between 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south of the equator?
  • A back-arc basin forms.A spreading center develops.The crust thins and a rift forms.
  • Very soluble in waterCan flow to form domesDeposited in layers
  • The type of sediment on the seafloor.The type of rock on the seafloor.The rate of sediment deposition.
  • Clear water is present in this zone.Warm water is present in this zone.
The sequence shown here with alternating coarser and finer sediment formed by successive turbidity currents is called ________ ________.
  • black smokers
  • Graded BedsSubmarine fans
  • graded beds
  • Great Barrier
The direct source of heat for the water emitted by black smokers at mid-ocean ridges comes from _______.
  • Carbonate
  • Pangaea
  • False
  • magma
Salt is a weak rock that can flow; therefore, it forms _______. (all that apply)
  • Bacteria that break down H2S
  • Clear water is present in this zone.Warm water is present in this zone.
  • of back-arc seafloor spreading
  • Salt glaciersDomesA slip plane for thrust faults
Match the part of the Atlantic Ocean with the continents that split to form it.
  • Seamount:Isolated mountainAbyssal Plain:Deep seafloor with smooth typographyOceanic Trench: Deepest part of the ocean.
  • Central Atlantic OceanNorth America and AfricaSouth Atlantic OceanAfrica and South AmericaNorth Atlantic OceanNorth America and Europe
  • SeamountSubmarine volcanic eruptions.TrenchDownwarping of an oceanic plate as it plunges beneath another plate.Mid-ocean ridgeWell-defined rift found at divergent boundaries.
  • Central Atlantic Ocean (first)South Atlantic OceanNorth Atlantic Ocean (last)
Baseball-sized spheres that precipitate out of seawater and fall to the seafloor are called manganese
  • Indian
  • nodules
  • island arcs
  • seawater
A fan-shaped sediment deposit on the continental rise formed by turbidity currents is called a ________ ________.
  • evaporation
  • submarine fan
  • hydrothermal
  • composite
Match the spreading ridge with its characteristic shape.
  • North SeaRifting and normal faulting.Baltic SeaEnlarged river valley scoured by glaciers, then filled by the sea.Red SeaSeafloor spreading at a divergent boundary.Black SeaIsolated from a larger sea, reduced in size, and flooded during sea-level rise.
  • Mid-Alantic RidgeWell-defined central rift valley.East Pacific RiseBroad and lacking a central rift.
  • Central Atlantic Ocean (first)South Atlantic OceanNorth Atlantic Ocean (last)
  • Seamount:Isolated mountainAbyssal Plain:Deep seafloor with smooth typographyOceanic Trench: Deepest part of the ocean.
A submarine landslide commonly forms ________.
  • They formed adjacent to deep trenches.They are all island arcs.
  • Very soluble in waterCan flow to form domesDeposited in layers
  • Mid-Alantic RidgeWell-defined central rift valley.East Pacific RiseBroad and lacking a central rift.
  • Distinctive lumps on the seafloor.A ragged scar on the slope above.
Salt is a weak rock that can flow; therefore it forms _____.
  • Central Atlantic Ocean (first)South Atlantic OceanNorth Atlantic Ocean (last)
  • Very soluble in waterCan flow to form domesDeposited in layers
  • Along the continental margins.Near river mouths
  • Salt glaciersDomesA slip plane for thrust faults
Which describe how marine salt deposits form?
  • Seamount:Isolated mountainAbyssal Plain:Deep seafloor with smooth typographyOceanic Trench: Deepest part of the ocean.
  • Clear waterShallow waterWarm water
  • Distinctive lumps on the seafloor.A ragged scar on the slope above.
  • From restricted water flow in a marine basin.From evaporation of seawater.
Match the seafloor feature with the description of its formation.
  • North SeaRifting and normal faulting.Baltic SeaEnlarged river valley scoured by glaciers, then filled by the sea.Red SeaSeafloor spreading at a divergent boundary.Black SeaIsolated from a larger sea, reduced in size, and flooded during sea-level rise.
  • (P) passive continental margins
  • SeamountSubmarine volcanic eruptions.TrenchDownwarping of an oceanic plate as it plunges beneath another plate.Mid-ocean ridgeWell-defined rift found at divergent boundaries.
  • Central Atlantic Ocean (first)South Atlantic OceanNorth Atlantic Ocean (last)
What method produces images of the materials beneath the seafloor using waves?
  • the subsurface flow of salt
  • of back-arc seafloor spreading
  • Persian Gulf
  • Seismic-reflection profiling
In the Phillipine Sea, seafloor spreading is forming a __________, and one can observe submerged ridges indicating that different episodes of spreading have occurred.
  • Normal Faulting
  • back-arc basin
  • continentaloceanic
  • Transform faulting
Using the map determine where the sediment cover is the thickest on the seafloor.
  • Central Atlantic Ocean (first)South Atlantic OceanNorth Atlantic Ocean (last)
  • Along the continental margins.Near river mouths
  • Salt glaciersDomesA slip plane for thrust faults
  • Seafloor spreadingTransform faulting
What are the characteristics of natural salt deposits?
  • Very soluble in waterCan flow to form domesDeposited in layers
  • They form next to trenches on a spherical Earth.
  • Seismic-reflection profiling
  • A back-arc basin forms.A spreading center develops.The crust thins and a rift forms.
The __________ Plateau and the __________ Plateau are oceanic plateaus that formed over 100 million years ago.
  • island arcs
  • the subsurface flow of salt
  • Black Sea
  • Ontong JavaKerguelen
Match the name of the reef type with its correct setting.
  • Cayman Trough - Transform BoundaryLesser Antilles - Subduction of the North American plate.Central America - Subduction of Cocos plate
  • Basaltic lava erupts from the rift.Blocks of oceanic crust are downdropped in normal faults.Sediment settles onto new basalt.Oceanic crust has a smooth surface covered by layered sediment.
  • SeamountSubmarine volcanic eruptions.TrenchDownwarping of an oceanic plate as it plunges beneath another plate.Mid-ocean ridgeWell-defined rift found at divergent boundaries.
  • AtollCurved reef surrounding a shallow lagoon.Barrier reefForms at the edge of a continent.Fringing reefSurrounds and/or may be attached to an island.Carbonate platformForms a broad, shallow platform.
The modern continents originated from a supercontinent called ________ and all modern oceans from one large ocean that existed about 200 million years ago.
  • black smokers
  • Pangaea
  • island arcs
  • Carbonate
Which locations contain modern coral reefs?
  • PhillipinesBahamasPolynesia
  • Seismic-reflection profiling
  • the plate moves relative to the underlying hot spot.
  • Form mineral deposits rich in copper and zinc.Form sulfide-rich chimneys.Form along mid-ocean ridges.
Which of the following statements describes black smokers?
  • From restricted water flow in a marine basin.From evaporation of seawater.
  • Form mineral deposits rich in copper and zinc.Form sulfide-rich chimneys.Form along mid-ocean ridges.
  • Seamount:Isolated mountainAbyssal Plain:Deep seafloor with smooth typographyOceanic Trench: Deepest part of the ocean.
  • Central Atlantic Ocean (first)South Atlantic OceanNorth Atlantic Ocean (last)
The CCD, or _______ compensation depth, is the depth at which calcite disappears in the ocean.
  • turbidity
  • continental slope
  • island arcs
  • Carbonate
What do the areas shown in red on the map have in common?
  • They formed adjacent to deep trenches.They are all island arcs.
  • Seamount:Isolated mountainAbyssal Plain:Deep seafloor with smooth typographyOceanic Trench: Deepest part of the ocean.
  • The formed from hot spots.
  • Seafloor mapping and geophysical surveys conducted for petroleum exploration.
About 120 million years ago, the _____ Ocean began to form, as India separated from Australia and Antartica.
  • submarine fan
  • submarine
  • Indian
  • nodules
Submarine canyons transport sediment from the continental shelf to the continental ______.
  • cores
  • turbidity
  • False
  • rise
Geologists can learn about past environments and climates by collecting cylinder-shaped drill _______ from the seafloor.
  • rise
  • cores
  • reefs
  • Pangaea
The ________ Sea was formed by the enlargement of a river valley that was scoured by glaciers and then filled in by the sea.The ________ Sea was isolated from a larger sea, was reduced in size, and was flooded during sea-level rise.
  • BalticBlack
  • Great Barrier
  • graded beds
  • black smokers
Coral _____ form in shallow, tropical seas with clear water.
  • Subduction zones
  • True
  • reefs
  • Mafic
Magmas that are intermediate in composition form island arcs with explosive _______ volcanoes made of andesite.
  • composite
  • Carbonate
  • turbidity
  • More
Most oceanic measurements made from satellites are of ocean surface properties rather than deep-ocean properties.
  • True
  • Mafic
  • More
  • cores
What process thins the continental crust before it meets the oceanic crust at the continental slope
  • continental slope
  • Normal Faulting
  • Bacteria that break down H2S
  • Great Barrier
_____ reefs protect the coastline from waves and storms because they occur just offshore from the mainland, whereas _____ reefs are attached to a shoreline or are just offshore, surrounding an island.
  • basaltsediment
  • Great Barrier
  • back-arc basin
  • barrier, fringing
Movement of the trench away from the island arc is called trench ___________.
  • turbidity
  • rollback
  • submarine
  • hot spots
How water, metals, and sulfur discharge from ___________ vents (also known as black smoker) at mid-ocean ridges.
  • hydrothermal
  • Black Sea
  • Pangaea
  • Great Barrier
Monterey Canyon is a _________ canyon in the continental slope eroded by turbidity currents.
  • turbidity
  • submarine fan
  • submarine
  • seawater
Hot spots, indicated by the red dots on the map, coincide with _________.
  • Seismic-reflection profiling
  • volcanically active island chains
  • of back-arc seafloor spreading
  • Bacteria that break down H2S
What happens to the crust behind a migrating island arc as it moves along with a subducting slab?
  • A back-arc basin forms.A spreading center develops.The crust thins and a rift forms.
  • of back-arc seafloor spreading
  • back-arc basin
  • Cayman Trough - Transform BoundaryLesser Antilles - Subduction of the North American plate.Central America - Subduction of Cocos plate
Match the name of the sea with the process that formed it.
  • Central Atlantic Ocean (first)South Atlantic OceanNorth Atlantic Ocean (last)
  • Central Atlantic OceanNorth America and AfricaSouth Atlantic OceanAfrica and South AmericaNorth Atlantic OceanNorth America and Europe
  • Cayman Trough - Transform BoundaryLesser Antilles - Subduction of the North American plate.Central America - Subduction of Cocos plate
  • North SeaRifting and normal faulting.Baltic SeaEnlarged river valley scoured by glaciers, then filled by the sea.Red SeaSeafloor spreading at a divergent boundary.Black SeaIsolated from a larger sea, reduced in size, and flooded during sea-level rise.
Which sea was a lake prior to being flooded by the ocean at the end of the Ice Age?
  • Black Sea
  • seawater
  • Persian Gulf
  • Carbonate
Order the steps in the formation of seamount form the first event at the top to the last event at the bottom.
  • A (lower ocean floor)Continental riseB (underwater slot canyon)Submarine canyonC (upper ocean floor)Continental shelfDContinental slope
  • Central Atlantic Ocean (first)South Atlantic OceanNorth Atlantic Ocean (last)
  • SeamountSubmarine volcanic eruptions.TrenchDownwarping of an oceanic plate as it plunges beneath another plate.Mid-ocean ridgeWell-defined rift found at divergent boundaries.
  • A conical basaltic volcano forms an island.The volcanic mountain cools and subsides.The top of the volcano flattened by wave erosion and continues to subside.The flat-topped volcano is buried by sediment.
Island arcs have a curved shape because there is ______ surface area on the outside of the plate than at depth.
  • More
  • cores
  • True
  • rise
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