Multiple Choice Questions

deciphered genetic code
  • Nirenberg and Mattaei (1960)
  • Nirenberg and Mattaei (1961)
  • Nirenberg and Mattaei (1966)
  • Nirenberg and Mattaei (1962)
DNA—> RNA—> protein • DNA = hereditary material • Gene = specific stretch of DNA • DNA transcribed into mRNA since it cant leave nucleus • mRNA is translated to protein
  • Put the steps of DNA replication in chronological order.
  • what are the characteristics of the genetic code?
  • Central dogma of molecular biology (Crick)
  • Which of the following statements about DNA synthesis is true?
RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand• The synthesis of a DNA strand begins with the formation of an RNA primer.
  • The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.
  • The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____.
  • Which of the following enzymes is important for relieving the tension in a helix as it unwinds during DNA synthesis?
  • Which of the following statements about DNA synthesis is true?
• Redundant (amino acid —> codon) • Unambiguous (single codon = 1 amino acid) • Non overlapping • Nearly universal (with few exceptions) • Conservative (codons differ in 3rd base when coding for amino acids)
  • what are the causes of DNA damage?
  • Put the steps of DNA replication in chronological order.
  • what are the characteristics of the genetic code?
  • Which of the following statements about DNA synthesis is true?
An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.
  • helicase
  • dna polymerase iii
  • primase
  • dna ligase
DNA polymerase
  • What catalyzes DNA synthesis?
  • Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?
  • which direction does does DNA replicate
  • what are the causes of DNA damage?
enzyme that builds short complementary RNA primer on each strand of DNA
  • primease
  • Telomerase
  • primase
  • DNA ligase
It joins Okazaki fragments together.
  • Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?
  • What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication?
  • Which of the following help(s) to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?
  • what are the causes of DNA damage?
bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA• prevents rejoining due to hydrogen bonds
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  • primase
  • dna ligase
  • single strand binding proteins
  • helicase
rules that specify relationship between sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA and sequence of amino acids in protein
  • Codon
  • Gene expression
  • Start codon
  • Genetic code
process of converting archived info into molecules that actually do things
  • Gene expression
  • Excision repair systems
  • exonuclease
  • DNA polymerase I
ligase
  • What would be the consequence(s) for DNA synthesis if DNA ligase were defective?
  • Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____.
  • What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication?
  • A DNA replication bubble forms at a specific sequence of bases called the ___________.
enzyme that chemically links DNA fragments together• catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between DNA fragments.
  • Helicase
  • Rna polymerase
  • Primase
  • DNA ligase
region at either end of a eukaryotic chromosome; consisting of noncoding sequences • involved in aging as they get shorter and shorter over time
  • telomere
  • topoisomerase
  • dna ligase
  • helicase
gaps left at the 5' end of the lagging strand
  • Which of the following help(s) to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?
  • Which of the following enzymes is important for relieving the tension in a helix as it unwinds during DNA synthesis?
  • What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication?
  • Eukaryotic telomeres replicate differently than the rest of the chromosome. This is a consequence of which of the following?
Topoisomerase• This enzyme untwists the coils that occur in the DNA as it is being unwound into a single-stranded template.
  • Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?
  • Which of the following help(s) to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?
  • Which of the following statements about DNA synthesis is true?
  • Which of the following enzymes is important for relieving the tension in a helix as it unwinds during DNA synthesis?
5' --> 3'
  • what are the causes of DNA damage?
  • Which of the following statements about DNA synthesis is true?
  • which direction does does DNA replicate
  • What catalyzes DNA synthesis?
an enzyme that removes successive nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide molecule
  • helicase
  • dna ligase
  • primase
  • exonuclease
• Spontaneous breakage (nobody knows why) • Radiation • Free radicals • Chemicals
  • What catalyzes DNA synthesis?
  • what are the causes of DNA damage?
  • single strand binding proteins
  • Hershey and Chase (1952)
DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction• Since DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction, the new strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strand must be assembled either in short 5' to 3' segments, which are later joined together by ligase, or be assembled continuously.
  • Which of the following enzymes is important for relieving the tension in a helix as it unwinds during DNA synthesis?
  • What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication?
  • What would be the consequence(s) for DNA synthesis if DNA ligase were defective?
  • Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?
groups of enzymes that recognize damage in DNA, excise surrounding nucleotides and repair using template strand
  • Beadle and Tatum (1941)
  • Hershey and Chase (1952)
  • Excision repair systems
  • Gene expression
origin of replication
  • What is the role of DNA ligase in the elongation of the lagging strand during DNA replication?
  • Which of the following help(s) to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?
  • A DNA replication bubble forms at a specific sequence of bases called the ___________.
  • Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____.
enzyme that REPLICATES TELOMERES but its only active in meiotic cells forming gametes • Its important that you pass on all the genetic material you can to offspring otherwise they would be born old if they were passed down DNA with degraded telomeres
  • Telomerase
  • primease
  • RNA polymerase
  • DNA ligase
Lagging strand synthesis would be incomplete; leading strand synthesis would be largely unaffected.• Without DNA ligase activity, Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand would not be joined together; leading strand synthesis would be largely unaffected.
  • What would be the consequence(s) for DNA synthesis if DNA ligase were defective?
  • Which of the following help(s) to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?
  • what are the characteristics of the genetic code?
  • What would be the consequence(s) for DNA synthesis if primase were defective?
1st to use "knock out" genes (if you want to know how a gene works, you mutate it and see what happens when it doesn't work) • Used metabolic pathway using bread mold • Proposed "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis
  • Beadle and Tatum (1941)
  • Beadle and Tatum (1946)
  • Beadle and Tatum (2041)
  • Beadle and Tatum (1942)
Hydrogen bonds between base pairs of antiparallel strands are broken.Single-stranded binding proteins attach to DNA strands.Primase binds to the site of origin.An RNA primer is created.DNA polymerase binds to the template strand.
  • What would be the consequence(s) for DNA synthesis if primase were defective?
  • what are the characteristics of the genetic code?
  • Central dogma of molecular biology (Crick)
  • Put the steps of DNA replication in chronological order.
Primers are short sequences that allow the initiation of DNA synthesis.• When a primer is added to a single strand of DNA, DNA polymerase can start adding nucleotides to synthesize a complementary strand.
  • The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____.
  • Which of the following statements about DNA synthesis is true?
  • what are the characteristics of the genetic code?
  • Which of the following enzymes is important for relieving the tension in a helix as it unwinds during DNA synthesis?
synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction• starts DNA synthesis at the 3' end of a primer.• "start here" signal for DNA replication• has ability to act as exonuclease to proofread and correct complementary base pairing mistakes
  • Primase
  • Dna ligase
  • Helicase
  • DNA polymerase III
three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid
  • Triplet
  • Stop Codon
  • Start Codon
  • Codon
a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a tRNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
  • genetic code
  • codon
  • anticodons
  • rna polymerase
enzyme that builds mRNA single strand complementary to DNA sequence
  • Dna ligase
  • Topoisomerase
  • Helicase
  • RNA polymerase
3 letter code in DNA
  • helicase
  • Triplet
  • A DNA replication bubble forms at a specific sequence of bases called the ___________.
  • primase
UAA, UAG, UGA, (dont code for amino acids; just signals to stop production)
  • Start codon
  • Dna ligase
  • Stop codon
  • Codon
The rapid pressure increase that occurs when the left ventricle pushes blood into the aorta can be felt as
  • the liver.
  • the pulse.
  • Smooth muscle
  • pulse pressure
Edema is likely to occur when
  • level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases
  • skeletal muscle pump and the repiratory pump.
  • the heart becomes an insufficient pump.
  • all vessel types except capillaries.
Which organ is NOT part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure?
  • the pulse.
  • kidney
  • Recoil of the elastic arteries
  • Endothelium
Perfusion is
  • heart rate during circulatory shock
  • blood flow through an organ
  • Blood volume and blood pressure would decrease
  • Pressure ∝ Flow × Resistance
Smooth muscle is present in the walls of
  • a decrease in cardiac output.
  • arteries, resistance from vessel walls
  • blood pressure when the peripheral vessels constrict
  • all vessel types except capillaries.
Venules are similar to capillaries: they have ________ epithelium and only small amounts of ________.
  • oncotic and colloid osmotic
  • a decrease in cardiac output.
  • Increase firing rate; decrease contractility
  • a thin exchange, connective tissue
Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem? A drug that
  • doubling the diameter of a vessel
  • deep to the tunica intima in the arterial wall
  • blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue.
  • It would increase it by shifting blood from the veins into the arteries.
Which paracrine acts as a vasoconstrictor?
  • Serotonin
  • Endothelium
  • oncotic pressure, higher
  • sympathetic stimulation is removed
Malnutrition can cause edema because
  • the liver.
  • level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases
  • there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis.
  • blood pressure when the peripheral vessels constrict
Bulk flow refers to the mass movement of fluid between the blood and the interstitial fluid. Which of the following statements is not correct concerning bulk flow?
  • oncotic and colloid osmotic
  • sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases.
  • In a typical capillary, overall bulk flow transitions from net absorption on the arterial end to net filtration on the venous end.
  • level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases
What effect would an increase in blood volume have on the resistance to blood flow?
  • Nothing, they are not directly linked.
  • being a female over 30 but under 55
  • have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls.
  • Pressure ∝ Flow × Resistance
The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the
  • medulla oblongata
  • Myocardial hypoxia
  • directly, directly
  • baroreceptors
The decrease in blood pressure upon standing is known as
  • Resistance in each vessel
  • Pressure ∝ Flow × Resistance
  • orthostatic hypotension.
  • pulse pressure
The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to
  • local control.
  • baroreceptors
  • pericytes.
  • Myocardial hypoxia
are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system
  • Arteries
  • decrease
  • hypertension.
  • continuously
The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the
  • venules and capillaries
  • endothelium, the basal lamina
  • oncotic pressure, higher
  • endothelial
The elevated blood pressure that sometimes accompanies pregnancy is known as
  • preeclampsia
  • local control.
  • medulla oblongata
  • Arteries
Differences between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles
  • Arterioles because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls.
  • decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
  • there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis.
  • have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls.
The values obtained when measuring blood pressure, such as 120/80,
  • reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole.
  • Decreased O2, increased CO2, increased H+, increased NO, result in increased blood flow.
  • deep to the tunica intima in the arterial wall
  • body temperature, emotional responses, and blood oxygen levels.
At rest, the majority of blood flows through the ________
  • oncotic and colloid osmotic
  • filtration, absorption
  • hypertension.
  • liver and digestive tract
Which set of changes correctly describes the baroreceptor reflex in response to increased blood pressure?
  • Increased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, decreased cardiac output
  • Pressure ∝ Flow × Resistance
  • reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole.
  • It would increase it by shifting blood from the veins into the arteries.
Norepinephrine binding to alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causes ________ and epinephrine binding to alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causes ________.
  • vasoconstriction, vasoconstriction
  • oncotic and colloid osmotic
  • being a female over 30 but under 55
  • pericytes, blood-brain barrier
The term for chronically elevated blood pressure is
  • preeclampsia
  • increases
  • hypertension.
  • orthostatic hypotension.
If a person is bedridden for several days, the baroreceptor reflex may fail upon standing. Why?
  • endothelium, the basal lamina
  • minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure.
  • PP = 48 mm Hg and MAP = 102 mm Hg
  • The kidneys have reduced the blood volume
During the fight-or-flight reaction, epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla and binds to ________ receptors on the vascular smooth muscle of heart, liver, and skeletal muscle arterioles and results in ________ blood flow to these organs; epinephrine can also bind to ________ receptors on other tissues, causing ________ blood flow to these organs.
  • β2, increased, α, decreased
  • filtration, absorption
  • Pressure ∝ Flow × Resistance
  • Resistance in each vessel
The lymphatic system
  • endothelial
  • empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the clavicles.
  • stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively.
  • venules and capillaries
Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the
  • Smooth muscle
  • continuously
  • body temperature, emotional responses, and blood oxygen levels.
  • carotid artery
Which of these does NOT increase the risk for cardiovascular disease?
  • Arterioles because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls.
  • Resistance in each vessel
  • being a female over 30 but under 55
  • The capillaries have the largest cross sectional area.
The osmotic pressure created by the presence of proteins is known as ________, which is _________ in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid.
  • oncotic pressure, higher
  • Serotonin
  • venules and capillaries
  • tunica intima, tunica media
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except one. Identify the exception.
  • doubling the diameter of a vessel
  • vasodilation
  • capillaries
  • Vasovagal syncope
Capillary exchange involving movement between the endothelial cells is called the
  • endothelial
  • paracellular pathway.
  • minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure.
  • endothelium, the basal lamina
What is the mechanism behind myogenic autoregulation in vascular smooth muscle?
  • When cells stretch, mechanically gated cation channels open depolarizing the cell resulting in contraction
  • blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls
  • Pressure ∝ Flow × Resistance
  • The capillaries have the largest cross sectional area.
If there were a sudden increase in blood volume, what would the baroreceptors do and what would be the effect of that reflex?
  • Blood volume and blood pressure would decrease
  • calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors
  • Increase firing rate; decrease contractility
  • skeletal muscle pump and the repiratory pump.
Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the ________ system.
  • increases
  • Smooth muscle
  • Metarterioles
  • lymphatic
All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT
  • arteries, resistance from vessel walls
  • precapillary sphincters.
  • a decrease in cardiac output.
  • Nothing, they are not directly linked.
A rupture of a blood vessel in the brain is called a(n) ________ and may cause the loss of neurological function commonly called ________.
  • Pressure ∝ Flow × Resistance
  • being a female over 30 but under 55
  • precapillary sphincters.
  • cerebral hemorrhage, stroke
What type of tissue, present in the walls of blood vessels, allows for regulation of vessel diameter?
  • baroreceptors
  • Cardiac output
  • the pulse.
  • Smooth muscle
Fainting is also known as
  • Active hyperemia
  • vasovagal syncope
  • Myocardial hypoxia
  • medulla oblongata
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the
  • deep to the tunica intima in the arterial wall
  • level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases
  • measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel.
  • all vessel types except capillaries.
Loss of pericytes around retinal capillaries is a hallmark of the disease
  • diabetic retinopathy.
  • Cardiac output
  • Myocardial hypoxia
  • pulse pressure
Which of the following conditions would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?
  • oncotic and colloid osmotic
  • liver and digestive tract
  • doubling the diameter of a vessel
  • diabetic retinopathy.
Angiogenesis is
  • cerebral hemorrhage, stroke
  • Recoil of the elastic arteries
  • the growth of new blood vessels.
  • a thin exchange, connective tissue
The accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space is called
  • orthostatic hypotension.
  • edema.
  • The kidney can eliminate water to decrease blood volume or it can conserve water to maintain blood volume.
  • decrease
What does the total blood flow through ALL of the bodies arterioles equal?
  • Cardiac output
  • continuously
  • local control.
  • diabetic retinopathy.
The highly branched contractile cells that regulate capillary permeability are called
  • preeclampsia
  • elephantiasis.
  • hypertension.
  • pericytes.
Capillary exchange involving movement through the cells is called ________ transport.
  • endothelium, the basal lamina
  • Smooth muscle
  • endothelial
  • Serotonin
The structures that regulate blood flow into single capillaries within a tissue are
  • precapillary sphincters.
  • being a female over 30 but under 55
  • liver and digestive tract
  • cerebral hemorrhage, stroke
Reactive hyperemia is triggered by
  • blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases
  • blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls
  • there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis.
  • local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow.
For a diagnosis of hypertension, a patient must have
  • blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls
  • Arterioles because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls.
  • reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole.
  • a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg.
If a person's lymph vessels suddenly vanished (an impossible scenario), what impact would this have on the circulatory system?
  • arteries, resistance from vessel walls
  • deep to the tunica intima in the arterial wall
  • Blood volume and blood pressure would decrease
  • blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue.
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because
  • sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases.
  • there are not enough nutrients for plasma protein synthesis.
  • deep to the tunica intima in the arterial wall
  • it represents the driving pressure for blood flow.
Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation EXCEPT
  • Ca2+.
  • Arteries
  • edema.
  • being a female over 30 but under 55
Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to
  • a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg.
  • decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
  • body temperature, emotional responses, and blood oxygen levels.
  • deep to the tunica intima in the arterial wall
________ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of selective materials to pass.
  • oncotic and colloid osmotic
  • Fenestrated, continuous
  • orthostatic hypotension.
  • tunica intima, tunica media
Osmotic pressure resulting from presence of plasma proteins in blood is called ________ pressure.
  • diabetic retinopathy.
  • oncotic and colloid osmotic
  • precapillary sphincters.
  • a thin exchange, connective tissue
What compensatory mechanisms are available to help maintain blood pressure when a large volume of blood is lost, such as during a hemorrhage?
  • Nothing is heard because blood flow is smooth through the fully open artery.
  • Vasoconstriction, increased thirst, and decreased renal fluid output in the urine
  • sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels, sympathetic stimulation of the heart, and water conservation by the kidneys.
  • Arterioles because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls.
Which of the following is/are (a) possible treatment(s) for hypertension?
  • doubling the diameter of a vessel
  • Pressure ∝ Flow × Resistance
  • calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors
  • being a female over 30 but under 55
If a person has a blood pressure of 120/80, her mean arterial pressure would be
  • 93 mm Hg.
  • sympathetic stimulation is removed
  • increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow.
  • endothelial
Which syndrome is consistent with a big increase in parasympathetic activity leading to widespread vasodilation and fainting.
  • Korotkoff sound
  • Vasovagal syncope
  • Smooth muscle
  • arterioles.
Due to the differences in opposing forces, there is net ________ occurring at the arteriolar end of most capillaries, coupled with net ________ at the venous end.
  • filtration, absorption
  • The capillaries have the largest cross sectional area.
  • sinusoids, wider
  • Korotkoff sound
What determines the blood flow through individual blood vessels in a local system of vessels?
  • a decrease in cardiac output.
  • medulla oblongata
  • Resistance in each vessel
  • liver and digestive tract
Which changes in paracrines cause vasodilation? What is the result?
  • Decreased O2, increased CO2, increased H+, increased NO, result in increased blood flow.
  • Pressure ∝ Flow × Resistance
  • Arterioles because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls.
  • it represents the driving pressure for blood flow.
Capillary walls consist of ________, supported on a cellular matrix called ________.
  • Endothelium
  • empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the clavicles.
  • serotonin vasodilation
  • endothelium, the basal lamina
Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as ________ are located in some artery walls.
  • baroreceptors.
  • Cardiac output
  • local control.
  • baroreceptors
The endothelium of the blood vessels and its adjacent connective tissue make up the ________, which is surrounded by layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue called ________.
  • Korotkoff sound
  • being a female over 30 but under 55
  • tunica intima, tunica media
  • doubling the diameter of a vessel
Mean arterial pressure is ________ proportional to cardiac output and ________ proportional to resistance of arterioles.
  • directly, directly
  • vasodilation
  • cerebral hemorrhage, stroke
  • Resistance in each vessel
Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ________ in some tissues.
  • capillaries
  • Arteries
  • The capillaries have the largest cross sectional area.
  • Cardiac output
When blood pressure is normal, the receptors in arterial walls fire action potentials
  • continuously
  • baroreceptors
  • the pulse.
  • pulse pressure
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Multiple Choice Questions
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