Consider two forests: one is an undisturbed old-growth forest, while the other has recently been logged. In which forest are species likely to experience exponential growth, and why?
  • Logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow
  • Female rabbits that suffer high predation rates may produce several litters per breeding season, and coconuts produce few fruits, but most survive when they encounter proper growing conditions.
  • Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.
  • These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations.
According to the logistic growth equation
  • population growth is zero when N equals K.
  • per capita population growth rate
  • Semelparous reproduction (Big-bang reproduction)
  • Its rate of growth is slowing.
Why do populations grow more slowly as they approach their carrying capacity?
  • competitive interaction between individuals of the same population
  • Homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment
  • keep track of the females in a cohort
  • Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality.
Imagine that you are managing a large game ranch. You know from historical accounts that a species of deer used to live there, but they have been extirpated. You decide to reintroduce them. After doing some research to determine what might be an appropriately sized founding population, you do so. You then watch the population increase for several generations, and graph the number of individuals (vertical axis) against the number of generations (horizontal axis). The graph will likely appear as
  • a "J," increasing with each generation.
  • offspring with good chances of survival
  • 60,000 4,275,000(14/1000) = 59,850
  • I, II, and III
A recent study of ecological footprints concluded that
  • multiple biotic and abiotic factors contribute to the cycling of the hare and lynx populations.
  • These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations.
  • the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.
  • has become so small that i will have difficulty surviving and reproducing.
Which statement is true with regard to human population growth?
  • keep track of the females in a cohort
  • offspring with good chances of survival
  • Its rate of growth is slowing.
  • iteroparous; K-selected
The three basic variables that make up the life history of an organism are
  • 1) age when reproduction begins,2) how often reproduction occurs,3) and how many offspring are produced
  • Homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment
  • Most populations have both r- and K- selected characteristics that vary under different environmental conditions.
  • multiple biotic and abiotic factors contribute to the cycling of the hare and lynx populations.
Why do some invertebrates, such as lobsters, show a "stair-step" survivorship?
  • Many invertebrates molt in order to grow, and they are vulnerable to predation during their "soft shell" stage.
  • the population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K.
  • population growth is zero when N equals K.
  • Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10m X 10m plots and extrapolate this number to the faction of the study area these plots represent
In models of logistic population growth,
  • the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.
  • population growth is zero when N equals K.
  • the population growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K.
  • Most populations have both r- and K- selected characteristics that vary under different environmental conditions.
A population's carrying capacity
  • may change as environmental conditions change.
  • grows at its maximum per capita rate.
  • Understanding how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations.
  • the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.
Starting from a single individual, what is the size of a population of bacteria that reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes at the end of a 2-hour time period? (Assume unlimited resources and no mortality.)
  • Females undergo hormonal changes that delay sexual maturation and many individuals suffer depressed immune systems and die due to the stress of overpopulation.
  • 40 individuals added* Per capita (grown rate) = birth rate - death rate0.06-0.02= 0.041,000*0.04=40Therefore, 40 individuals added
  • 2^6 = 64*exponential growth: describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment; assumes resources are abundant
  • rN * (K-N)/K*Carrying capacity (K) is the maximum population size the environment can support*N: population size
A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.Calculate an estimate of the number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1,000 individuals in one year.
  • 40 individuals added* Per capita (grown rate) = birth rate - death rate0.06-0.02= 0.041,000*0.04=40Therefore, 40 individuals added
  • Understanding how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations.
  • Logged, because the disturbed forest affords more resources for increased specific populations to grow
  • Females undergo hormonal changes that delay sexual maturation and many individuals suffer depressed immune systems and die due to the stress of overpopulation.
The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that
  • R=b-m*Zero population growth (ZPG) occurs when the per capita birth and death rates are equal (r=0)
  • the members of the population are competing for access to a resource.
  • Semelparous reproduction (Big-bang reproduction)
  • Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality.
During the spring, you are studying the mice that live in a field near your home. The population density is high, but you realize that you rarely observe any reproductive female mice. This most likely indicates
  • that you are observing immigrant mice
  • the flora and fauna of a coral reef in the Caribbean
  • a "J," increasing with each generation.
  • 60,000 4,275,000(14/1000) = 59,850
Which of the following is the equation for zero population growth? (ZPG)
  • R=b-m*Zero population growth (ZPG) occurs when the per capita birth and death rates are equal (r=0)
  • Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10m X 10m plots and extrapolate this number to the faction of the study area these plots represent
  • Homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment
  • Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.
A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics?I. inhabiting the same general areaII. belonging to the same speciesIII. possessing a constant and uniform density and dispersion
  • growing rapidly
  • I and II only
  • Females undergo hormonal changes that delay sexual maturation and many individuals suffer depressed immune systems and die due to the stress of overpopulation.
  • 40 individuals added* Per capita (grown rate) = birth rate - death rate0.06-0.02= 0.041,000*0.04=40Therefore, 40 individuals added
Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between
  • competitive interaction between individuals of the same population
  • Understanding how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations.
  • the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.
  • high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care
Which pair of terms most accurately describes life history traits for a stable population of wolves?
  • iteroparous; K-selected
  • Pine trees
  • Its rate of growth is slowing.
  • the flora and fauna of a coral reef in the Caribbean
Which of the following best defines a cohort?
  • counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations
  • voluntary reduction of family size
  • for a person living in a DEVELOPED nation to consider to make better choices when using global food and energy resources.
  • a group of the individuals from the same age group, from birth until they are all dead
In the models that describe population growth, r stands for
  • per capita population growth rate
  • the flora and fauna of a coral reef in the Caribbean
  • has become so small that i will have difficulty surviving and reproducing.
  • iteroparous; K-selected
Which of the following is most key to understanding the demographic transition in human population growth?
  • red squirrels, who actively defend territories
  • counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations
  • intraspecific competition for nutrients
  • voluntary reduction of family size
Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predator, the lynx, has revealed that
  • multiple biotic and abiotic factors contribute to the cycling of the hare and lynx populations.
  • competitive interaction between individuals of the same population
  • counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations
  • the ecological footprint of the United States is large because per capita resource use is high.
The Allee effect is used to describe a population that
  • high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care
  • Territorial songbirds in a mature forest during mating season
  • the maximum population size that a particular environment can support.
  • has become so small that i will have difficulty surviving and reproducing.
An ecological footprint is a construct that is useful
  • Understanding how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations.
  • for a person living in a DEVELOPED nation to consider to make better choices when using global food and energy resources.
  • voluntary reduction of family size
  • The growth rate will approach ZERO.
To determine the density of a rabbit population, you would need to know the number of rabbits and________
  • the size of the area in which they live* density is the number of individuals of population per unit area
  • the flora and fauna of a coral reef in the Caribbean
  • 1) age when reproduction begins,2) how often reproduction occurs,3) and how many offspring are produced
  • multiple biotic and abiotic factors contribute to the cycling of the hare and lynx populations.
Which variable define the ecological life history of a species?
  • for a person living in a DEVELOPED nation to consider to make better choices when using global food and energy resources.
  • a group of the individuals from the same age group, from birth until they are all dead
  • the age at which reproduction begins, frequency of reproduction, and the number of offspring for each reproductive episode
  • red squirrels, who actively defend territories
Which pattern of reproduction is correctly paired with a species?
  • Its rate of growth is slowing.
  • iteroparous; K-selected
  • iteroparity - elephant*semelparity (big-bang) reproduce once and die: pacific salmon, annual plants*Iteroparity (repeated) produce offspring repeatedly: Oak tree, humans, turtles, elephants, rabbit, polar bear..
  • offspring with good chances of survival
A broad-based pyramid-shaped age structure is characteristic of a population that is
  • I and II only
  • Pine trees
  • immigration
  • growing rapidly
Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle of another. As moose populations increase, for example, wolf populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering the logistic equation for the wolf population, dN/dt = rN * (K-N)/K Which of the factors accounts for the effect on the moose population?
  • a "J," increasing with each generation.
  • K
  • that you are observing immigrant mice
  • 60,000 4,275,000(14/1000) = 59,850
An ecologist recorder 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square mile in one woodlot and 20 per square mile in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing?
  • 304,000,000 302,000,0000.0088=2,657,600302,000,000+2,657,600=304,657,600
  • the flora and fauna of a coral reef in the Caribbean
  • Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality.
  • Density(# of individuals per unit area or volume)
Which of the following sets of measurements is the most useful when studying populations?
  • R=b-m*Zero population growth (ZPG) occurs when the per capita birth and death rates are equal (r=0)
  • Territorial songbirds in a mature forest during mating season
  • counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations
  • density, dispersion, and demographics of a population
Which of the following examples would MOST accurately measure the density of the population being studied?
  • offspring with good chances of survival
  • Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.
  • counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations
  • Territorial songbirds in a mature forest during mating season
Carrying capacity (K) is
  • These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations.
  • the flora and fauna of a coral reef in the Caribbean
  • grows at its maximum per capita rate.
  • the maximum population size that a particular environment can support.
Long-term studies of Belding's ground squirrels show that immigrants move nearly 2 km from where they are born and become 1%-8% of the males and 0.7-6% of the females in other populations. On an evolutionary scale, why is this significant?
  • the size of the area in which they live* density is the number of individuals of population per unit area
  • the flora and fauna of a coral reef in the Caribbean
  • 304,000,000 302,000,0000.0088=2,657,600302,000,000+2,657,600=304,657,600
  • These immigrants provide a source of genetic diversity for the other populations.
To measure the population of lake trout in a 250-hectare lake, 400 individual trout were netted and marked with a fin clip, then returned to the lake. The next week, the lake was netted again, and out of the 200 lake trout that were caught, 50 had fin clips. Using the capture-recapture estimate, the lake trout population size could be closest to which of the following?
  • 1,600
  • immigration
  • I, II, and III
  • 60,000 4,275,000(14/1000) = 59,850
Which of the following scenarios would provide the MOST legitimate data on population DENSITY?
  • R=b-m*Zero population growth (ZPG) occurs when the per capita birth and death rates are equal (r=0)
  • Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.
  • Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10m X 10m plots and extrapolate this number to the faction of the study area these plots represent
  • density, dispersion, and demographics of a population
Why is territoriality an adaptive behavior for songbirds maintaining populations at or near their carrying capacity?
  • Count the number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10m X 10m plots and extrapolate this number to the faction of the study area these plots represent
  • Most populations have both r- and K- selected characteristics that vary under different environmental conditions.
  • Songbird males defend territories commensurate with the size from which they can derive adequate resources for themselves, their mate, and their chicks.
  • counting the number of zebras from airplane census observations
As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation?
  • the members of the population are competing for access to a resource.
  • The growth rate will approach ZERO.
  • voluntary reduction of family size
  • intraspecific competition for nutrients
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