The poison cyanide binds to an electron carrier within the electron transport chain and blocks the movement of electrons. When this happens glycolysis and the citric acid cycle soon grind to a halt as well. Why do you think these other two stages of cellular respiration stop?
  • the flow of H+ through a membrane; As electrons move along the transport chain, hydrogen ions are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • The presence of ATP synthase enzymes in prokaryotic plasma membranes and the inner membrane of mitochondria provides support for the theory of endosymbiosis that mitochondria evolved from an engulfed prokaryote that used aerobic respiration
  • NAD+ is reduced, which then oxidizes an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
  • They run out of NAD+ and FADNAD+ and FAD are recycled by electron transport are in limited supply in a cell
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
  • these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain
  • with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons
  • glycolysis; Glycolysis, or the splitting of sugar, splits a 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules.
  • glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
During the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, _________.
  • an oxygen atom.
  • oxygen becomes reduced
  • loses ... oxygen gains
  • is carried by electrons.
Cellular respiration completely breaks down a glucose molecule through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. The majority of the energy the cell derives from glucose is _____.
  • loses ... oxygen gains
  • CO2 ... mitochondria
  • requires ATP to make ATP
  • found in NADH and FADH2
Explain how your body can convert excess carbohydrates in the diet to fats. Can excess carbohydrates be converted to protein? What else must be supplied?
  • CO2 and H2O are the products of respiration; they are the reactants in photosynthesis.In respiration glucose is oxidized to CO2 as electrons are passed through an electron transfer chain from glucose to O2, producing H2O. In photosynthesis, H2O is the source of electrons, which are energized by light, temporarily stored in NADPH, and used to reduce CO2 to carbohydrate.
  • As carbohydrates are broken down in glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate, glycerol can be made from G3P and fatty acids can be made from acetyl CoA. Amino groups, containing N atoms, must be supplied to various intermediated of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to produce amino acids.
  • make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements; The electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and it passes these electrons from one molecule to another until they are passed (along with two hydrogen ions) to oxygen to form water.
  • the electron transport chain; The electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and it passes these electrons from one molecule to another until they are passed (along with two hydrogen ions) to oxygen to form water.
Which of the three stages of cellular respiration if considered the most ancient?
  • Glycolysis because it occurs in all living cells and does;t require oxygen or membrane closed organelles.
  • are bound to NAD+ to be sent through electron transport; Most of the electrons released from the glucose are picked up by NAD+ and sent through the electron transport chain.
  • NADH is oxidized by passing electrons to the electron transport chain in respiration only.
  • A compound called coenzyme A binds to acetic acid.; Coenzyme A binds to acetic acid before entering the citric acid cycle.
In glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound?
  • at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O; O2 is the final electron acceptor.
  • NAD+; The NAD+ needs to be regenerated, which is why ethyl alcohol or lactic acid is formed.
  • NADH; Each NADH yields ATP once the electrons are delivered to the electron transport chain.
  • NAD+ is reduced, which then oxidizes an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
During fermentation, __________ that was produced during glycolysis is converted back to __________.
  • NADH; NAD+
  • NADH is oxidized by passing electrons to the electron transport chain in respiration only.
  • glycolysis
  • mitochondria
During respiration in a eukaryotic cell, reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in __________.
  • the flow of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane
  • in the cytosol; Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
  • the fluid within the mitochondrion; The citric acid cycle, which takes place in mitochondria, completes the degradation of glucose.
  • formation of NADH and FADH2; Each turn of the citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide, forms 1 ATP, and passes electrons to 3 NAD+ and 1 FAD.
What is the purpose of embedding the electron transport chain in the membrane of a cell?
  • glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
  • the flavor of sourdough bread
  • The membrane is impermeable to H+.
  • loses electrons and becomes oxidized.
Bacteria are responsible for the _____.
  • taste of sourdough bread
  • loses ... oxygen gains
  • the flavor of sourdough bread
  • loses an electron
Each turn of the critic acid cycle generates one ATP and __________ additional energy-rich molecules: __________.
  • carbon dioxide and water.
  • four; 3 NADH and 1 FADH2
  • recycle NADH through fermentation
  • 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________.
  • loses electrons and loses energy
  • loses electrons and becomes oxidized.
  • is gas exchange . . . produces ATP
  • substrate-level phosphorylation
The energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used to __________.
  • pump H+ through a membrane; Many of the electron transport molecules in the mitochondrion pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane when they pass an electron along the chain.
  • with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons
  • formation of NADH and FADH2; Each turn of the citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide, forms 1 ATP, and passes electrons to 3 NAD+ and 1 FAD.
  • are bound to NAD+ to be sent through electron transport; Most of the electrons released from the glucose are picked up by NAD+ and sent through the electron transport chain.
Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from __________.
  • glycolysis; Glycolysis, or the splitting of sugar, splits a 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules.
  • The membrane is impermeable to H+.
  • these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain.
  • the flow of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane
The label on the box of breakfast cereal lists one serving as containing "200 kcalories" per serving. How many calories are in one serving?
  • mitochondria
  • 200,000
  • NADH; NAD+
  • glycolysis
The electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules. In eukaryotes, where can this structure be found?
  • 200,000
  • an oxygen atom.
  • mitochondria
  • 2 ATP and 2 NADH
The electron transport chain is, in essence, a series of redox reactions that conclude cellular respiration. During these redox reactions, _____.
  • mitochondria
  • they run out of NAD+ and FAD; Oxygen moves freely across cell membranes. It does not reach toxic concentrations unless an oxygen-enriched gas is being breathed.
  • lactic acid;In humans, muscle cells switch to lactic acid fermentation after becoming anaerobic.
  • NAD+ is reduced, which then oxidizes an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
Humans use about ________ of their daily calories to maintain brain cells and power other life-sustaining activities.
  • 2.7 billion years ago
  • mitochondrion
  • 75%
  • ATP
By-products of cellular respiration include
  • substrate-level phosphorylation
  • requires ATP to make ATP
  • carbon dioxide and water.
  • is carried by electrons.
An average adult human requires 2,200 kcal of energy per day. Suppose your diet provides an average of 2,300 kcal per day. How many hours per week would you have to walk to burn it off?
  • NAD+ is reduced, which then oxidizes an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
  • with their numerous hydrogen atoms, fats provide an abundant source of high-energy electrons
  • 100 kcal per day is 700 kcal per week. Walking 3 mph would require 700/245= 2.8 hours
  • carbon dioxide; The oxidation of glucose involves the release of CO2.
During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used __________.
  • at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O; O2 is the final electron acceptor.
  • A compound called coenzyme A binds to acetic acid.; Coenzyme A binds to acetic acid before entering the citric acid cycle.
  • the electron transport chain; The electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and it passes these electrons from one molecule to another until they are passed (along with two hydrogen ions) to oxygen to form water.
  • formation of NADH and FADH2; Each turn of the citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide, forms 1 ATP, and passes electrons to 3 NAD+ and 1 FAD.
Most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain comes from _____.
  • the citric acid cycle; Both NADH and FADH2 are produced during the citric acid cycle.
  • the flow of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane
  • glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
  • are bound to NAD+ to be sent through electron transport; Most of the electrons released from the glucose are picked up by NAD+ and sent through the electron transport chain.
Primarily, cellular respiration serves to _____.
  • requires ATP to make ATP
  • make ATP to power the cell's activities
  • is carried by electrons.
  • recycle NADH through fermentation
What is the name of the process in which glucose is converted to pyruvic acid?
  • glycolysis; Ancient prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere.
  • glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
  • the citric acid cycle; Both NADH and FADH2 are produced during the citric acid cycle.
  • glycolysis; Glycolysis, or the splitting of sugar, splits a 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules.
Some microorganisms that live around hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean use inorganic energy sources and compounds to produce their own food. Therefore, these organisms are considered to be _____.
  • NAD+ is reduced, which then oxidizes an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
  • autotrophs; Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food.
  • the flow of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane
  • NADH; Each NADH yields ATP once the electrons are delivered to the electron transport chain.
A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks an enzyme that catalyzes some of the reactions of glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. However, he cannot do this because __________.
  • oxidative phosphorylation would come to a halt because there wouldn't be any oxygen to "pull" the electrons down the transport chain.
  • the muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise.
  • Most of the energy consumed in food is spent maintaining the body's functions, so only a fraction of food energy needs to be burned in exercise.
  • human cells also perform glycolysis; the drug might also poison them; The chemist's drug could have a devastating effect on human cells.
In which of the following is the first molecule becoming reduced to the second molecule?
  • Pyruvate -> lactate (at the same time NADH is oxidized to NAD+)
  • the citric acid cycle; Both NADH and FADH2 are produced during the citric acid cycle.
  • pyruvate ... NADH
  • glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
During glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is partially oxidized. What is the net gain of ATP and NADH for each glucose molecule?
  • 2 ATP and 2 NADH
  • glucose ... NAD+
  • four; 3 NADH and 1 FADH2
  • an oxygen atom.
Lungs are to breathing as _____ are to cellular respiration.
  • mitochondrion
  • lactate and NAD+
  • glucose ... NAD+
  • mitochondria
A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction __________.
  • the citric acid cycle; Both NADH and FADH2 are produced during the citric acid cycle.
  • loses electrons and becomes oxidized.
  • four; 3 NADH and 1 FADH2
  • The membrane is impermeable to H+.
A muscle cell deprived of molecular oxygen will convert glucose to lactic acid to _____.
  • lactate and NAD+
  • the flavor of sourdough bread
  • recycle NADH through fermentation
  • NAD+; The NAD+ needs to be regenerated, which is why ethyl alcohol or lactic acid is formed.
If humans did not breathe in O2, we would not __________.
  • extract usable energy from glucose; The most prevalent and efficient energy-yielding pathway is cellular respiration, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant, along with the organic fuel (frequently glucose).
  • are bound to NAD+ to be sent through electron transport; Most of the electrons released from the glucose are picked up by NAD+ and sent through the electron transport chain.
  • make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements; The electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and it passes these electrons from one molecule to another until they are passed (along with two hydrogen ions) to oxygen to form water.
  • The two-carbon acetic acid binds to a four-carbon molecule that is restored at the end of the cycle to be used again in the citric acid cycle.; The cycling referred to is that of the resynthesis of the four-carbon compound.
Which of the following is the most immediate source of energy for making the most of the ATP in your cells?
  • Pyruvate -> lactate (at the same time NADH is oxidized to NAD+)
  • the muscles contain large amounts of lactate following even mild physical exercise.
  • the movement of H+ across a membrane down its concentration gradient
  • undergoes the same lactic acid fermentation as human muscle cells; If frog muscle did not naturally undergo lactic acid fermentation, it would not have been a good choice for studying the effects of lactic acid on muscle.
In cellular respiration, glucose _____ electrons, whereas _____ electrons.
  • CO2 ... mitochondria
  • loses an electron
  • loses ... oxygen gains
  • pyruvate ... NADH
One of the key differences between slow- and fast-twitch muscles is whether they require _____ when making ATP for energy.
  • oxygen becomes reduced
  • 200,000
  • oxygen
  • dehydrogenase
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?
  • requires ATP to make ATP
  • glucose ... NAD+
  • ATP
  • FADH2
When a car engine burns gasoline, the results of the reaction are similar to when cells burn glucose. Both reactions release carbon dioxide and water. In cells, the chemical energy in food is converted to ATP and heat. In a moving car, the chemical energy in gasoline is converted to _____.
  • found in NADH and FADH2
  • They are used to form water.
  • kinetic energy and heat
  • the energy necessary to power the rearrangement of chemical bonds
Compare and contrast fermentation as it occurs in your muscle cells and in yeast cells.
  • make enough ATP to meet our energy requirements; The electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and it passes these electrons from one molecule to another until they are passed (along with two hydrogen ions) to oxygen to form water.
  • oxidative phosphorylation would come to a halt because there wouldn't be any oxygen to "pull" the electrons down the transport chain
  • In lactic fermentation in muscle cells, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to form lactate, and NAD+ is recycled.In alcohol fermentation for yeast, pyruvate is broken down to CO2 and ethanol as NADH is oxidized to NAD+Both types of fermentation allow glycolysis to continue to produce 2 ATP per glucose by recycling NAD+
  • A compound called coenzyme A binds to acetic acid.; Coenzyme A binds to acetic acid before entering the citric acid cycle.
Compare and describe the roles of CO2 and H2O in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
  • In lactic fermentation in muscle cells, pyruvate is reduced by NADH to form lactate, and NAD+ is recycled.In alcohol fermentation for yeast, pyruvate is broken down to CO2 and ethanol as NADH is oxidized to NAD+Both types of fermentation allow glycolysis to continue to produce 2 ATP per glucose by recycling NAD+
  • CO2 and NADH are formed; Pyruvic acid loses a carbon dioxide molecule, which diffuses out of the cell. The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized while NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
  • the electron transport chain; The electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and it passes these electrons from one molecule to another until they are passed (along with two hydrogen ions) to oxygen to form water.
  • CO2 and H2O are the products of respiration; they are the reactants in photosynthesis.In respiration glucose is oxidized to CO2 as electrons are passed through an electron transfer chain from glucose to O2, producing H2O. In photosynthesis, H2O is the source of electrons, which are energized by light, temporarily stored in NADPH, and used to reduce CO2 to carbohydrate.
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
  • NADH; NAD+
  • babies
  • This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
  • FADH2
In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and in a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in _____.
  • carbon dioxide and water.
  • the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
  • carbon dioxide; The oxidation of glucose involves the release of CO2.
  • 100 kcal per day is 700 kcal per week. Walking 3 mph would require 700/245= 2.8 hours
Some human cells are restricted to aerobic respiration to recycle NADH and FADHIf these cells are deprived of oxygen, then _____.
  • oxidative phosphorylation would come to a halt because there wouldn't be any oxygen to "pull" the electrons down the transport chain
  • NAD; Like FAD, NAD+ accepts hydrogen ions that have been stripped from glucose and delivers them to the electron transport chain.
  • Most of the energy consumed in food is spent maintaining the body's functions, so only a fraction of food energy needs to be burned in exercise.
  • are bound to NAD+ to be sent through electron transport; Most of the electrons released from the glucose are picked up by NAD+ and sent through the electron transport chain.
When pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl CoA __________.
  • they run out of NAD+ and FAD; Oxygen moves freely across cell membranes. It does not reach toxic concentrations unless an oxygen-enriched gas is being breathed.
  • CO2 and NADH are formed; Pyruvic acid loses a carbon dioxide molecule, which diffuses out of the cell. The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized while NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
  • are bound to NAD+ to be sent through electron transport; Most of the electrons released from the glucose are picked up by NAD+ and sent through the electron transport chain.
  • the flow of H+ through a membrane; As electrons move along the transport chain, hydrogen ions are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Lactobacillus sanfrancisco is responsible for which of the following?
  • substrate-level phosphorylation
  • the flow of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane
  • the flavor of sourdough bread
  • requires ATP to make ATP
Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that
  • They run out of NAD+ and FADNAD+ and FAD are recycled by electron transport are in limited supply in a cell
  • autotrophs; Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food.
  • the mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen.
  • NADH; Each NADH yields ATP once the electrons are delivered to the electron transport chain.
The function of cellular respiration is to __________.
  • is gas exchange . . . produces ATP
  • the electron transport chain; The electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and it passes these electrons from one molecule to another until they are passed (along with two hydrogen ions) to oxygen to form water.
  • extract usable energy from glucose; The most prevalent and efficient energy-yielding pathway is cellular respiration, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant, along with the organic fuel (frequently glucose).
  • are bound to NAD+ to be sent through electron transport; Most of the electrons released from the glucose are picked up by NAD+ and sent through the electron transport chain.
Which one of the following is the source of the energy that pumps hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
  • electrons; Energy from the flow of electrons along the electron transport chain is used to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • are bound to NAD+ to be sent through electron transport; Most of the electrons released from the glucose are picked up by NAD+ and sent through the electron transport chain.
  • oxidative phosphorylation would come to a halt because there wouldn't be any oxygen to "pull" the electrons down the transport chain
  • This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
In respiration, which one of the following is done during the electron transport chain phase?
  • NAD+; The NAD+ needs to be regenerated, which is why ethyl alcohol or lactic acid is formed.
  • carry electrons; As its name states, the electron transport chain transports electrons.
  • 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2; Then the NADH and FADH2 go through the electron transport chain.
  • the citric acid cycle; Both NADH and FADH2 are produced during the citric acid cycle.
The major (but not sole) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle is the __________.
  • the fluid within the mitochondrion; The citric acid cycle, which takes place in mitochondria, completes the degradation of glucose.
  • the flow of H+ through a membrane; As electrons move along the transport chain, hydrogen ions are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • formation of NADH and FADH2; Each turn of the citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide, forms 1 ATP, and passes electrons to 3 NAD+ and 1 FAD.
  • are bound to NAD+ to be sent through electron transport; Most of the electrons released from the glucose are picked up by NAD+ and sent through the electron transport chain.
When a poison such as rotenone blocks the electron transport chain, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle soon grind to a halt as well, because __________.
  • They run out of NAD+ and FADNAD+ and FAD are recycled by electron transport are in limited supply in a cell
  • the fluid within the mitochondrion; The citric acid cycle, which takes place in mitochondria, completes the degradation of glucose.
  • they run out of NAD+ and FAD; Oxygen moves freely across cell membranes. It does not reach toxic concentrations unless an oxygen-enriched gas is being breathed.
  • formation of NADH and FADH2; Each turn of the citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide, forms 1 ATP, and passes electrons to 3 NAD+ and 1 FAD.
When did the level of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere become high enough to sustain aerobic respiration?
  • 2.7 billion years ago
  • oxygen becomes reduced
  • glycolysis
  • loses ... oxygen gains
Cyanide differs from dinitrophenol in that
  • CO2 and NADH are formed; Pyruvic acid loses a carbon dioxide molecule, which diffuses out of the cell. The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized while NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
  • cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol makes the membrane of the mitochondrion leaky to H+ ions.
  • at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O; O2 is the final electron acceptor.
  • This process splits glucose in half making 2 pyruvate, produces 2 ATPs, and 2 NADHs for each glucose.
The ATP synthase in a human cell gets energy for making ATP directly from __________.
  • these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain
  • the electron transport chain; The electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and it passes these electrons from one molecule to another until they are passed (along with two hydrogen ions) to oxygen to form water.
  • the flow of H+ through a membrane; As electrons move along the transport chain, hydrogen ions are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • pump H+ through a membrane; Many of the electron transport molecules in the mitochondrion pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane when they pass an electron along the chain.
ATP synthase enzymes are found in the prokaryotic plasma membrane and in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. What does this suggest about the evolutionary relationship of eukaryotic organelle to prokaryotes?
  • NAD+ and FAD are coenzymes that are not used up during the oxidation of glucose. NAD+ and FAD are recycled when NADH and FADH2 pass the electrons that they are carrying to the electron transport chain. We need a small additional supply to replace those that are damaged.
  • the mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen.
  • The two-carbon acetic acid binds to a four-carbon molecule that is restored at the end of the cycle to be used again in the citric acid cycle.; The cycling referred to is that of the resynthesis of the four-carbon compound.
  • The presence of ATP synthase enzymes in prokaryotic plasma membranes and the inner membrane of mitochondria provides support for the theory of endosymbiosis that mitochondria evolved from an engulfed prokaryote that used aerobic respiration
A.V. Hill did his lactic acid experiments on frog muscles. This means that Hill was working under the premise that frog muscle __________.
  • oxidative phosphorylation would come to a halt because there wouldn't be any oxygen to "pull" the electrons down the transport chain
  • are bound to NAD+ to be sent through electron transport; Most of the electrons released from the glucose are picked up by NAD+ and sent through the electron transport chain.
  • electrons; Energy from the flow of electrons along the electron transport chain is used to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • undergoes the same lactic acid fermentation as human muscle cells; If frog muscle did not naturally undergo lactic acid fermentation, it would not have been a good choice for studying the effects of lactic acid on muscle.
A biochemist wanted to study how various substances were used in cellular respiration. In one experiment, she allowed a mouse to breathe air containing O2 "labeled" by a particular isotope. In the mouse, the labeled oxygen first showed up in
  • reduced ... NADH; The most versatile electron acceptor in cellular respiration is NAD+, which gains electrons and is thereby reduced to NADH.
  • H2O
  • 75%
  • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
Some human cells, such as nerve cells, are restricted to aerobic respiration to recycle NADH and FADHIf these cells are deprived of oxygen, then __________.
  • Most of the energy consumed in food is spent maintaining the body's functions, so only a fraction of food energy needs to be burned in exercise.
  • oxidative phosphorylation would come to a halt because there wouldn't be any oxygen to "pull" the electrons down the transport chain.
  • oxidative phosphorylation would come to a halt because there wouldn't be any oxygen to "pull" the electrons down the transport chain
  • NADH; Each NADH yields ATP once the electrons are delivered to the electron transport chain.
What is the fate of the electrons that are stripped from glucose during cellular respiration?
  • recycle NADH through fermentation
  • glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
  • the flavor of sourdough bread
  • They are used to form water.
How much ATP can a cell make from one glucose molecule in the presence of carbon monoxide?
  • 2 ATP; That is what you could obtain in the absence of carbon monoxide and an abundance of oxygen.
  • Pyruvate -> lactate (at the same time NADH is oxidized to NAD+)
  • glycolysis; Glycolysis, or the splitting of sugar, splits a 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules.
  • NAD; Like FAD, NAD+ accepts hydrogen ions that have been stripped from glucose and delivers them to the electron transport chain.
How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?
  • the flavor of sourdough bread
  • lactate and NAD+
  • glucose ... NAD+
  • They produce ATP.
Your body makes NAD+ and FAD from two B vitamins, niacin and riboflavin. The recommended dietary allowance for niacin is 20 mg and for riboflavin, 1.7 mg. These amounts are thousands of times less than the amount of glucose your body needs each day to fuel its energy needs. Why is the daily requirement for these vitamins so small?
  • NAD; Like FAD, NAD+ accepts hydrogen ions that have been stripped from glucose and delivers them to the electron transport chain.
  • NAD+ and FAD are coenzymes that are not used up during the oxidation of glucose. NAD+ and FAD are recycled when NADH and FADH2 pass the electrons that they are carrying to the electron transport chain. We need a small additional supply to replace those that are damaged.
  • Electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step. ... NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons from the breakdown products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain, which passes these electrons from one molecule to another, releasing a small amount of energy at each step.
  • They run out of NAD+ and FADNAD+ and FAD are recycled by electron transport are in limited supply in a cell
What is the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
  • NADH is oxidized by passing electrons to the electron transport chain in respiration only.
  • glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
  • They are used to form water.
  • Pyruvate -> lactate (at the same time NADH is oxidized to NAD+)
Sunlight is essential for the varied life on Earth. Sunlight provides energy to photosynthetic organisms by providing _____.
  • the energy necessary to power the rearrangement of chemical bonds
  • the flow of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane
  • these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain
  • carbon dioxide; The oxidation of glucose involves the release of CO2.
Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle?
  • The two-carbon acetic acid binds to a four-carbon molecule that is restored at the end of the cycle to be used again in the citric acid cycle.; The cycling referred to is that of the resynthesis of the four-carbon compound.
  • This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
  • CO2 and NADH are formed; Pyruvic acid loses a carbon dioxide molecule, which diffuses out of the cell. The remaining two-carbon fragment is oxidized while NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
  • Electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step. ... NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons from the breakdown products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain, which passes these electrons from one molecule to another, releasing a small amount of energy at each step.
In biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is
  • dehydrogenase
  • They produce ATP.
  • 2 ATP and 2 NADH
  • loses ... oxygen gains
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?
  • This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
  • Glycolysis because it occurs in all living cells and does;t require oxygen or membrane closed organelles.
  • the electron transport chain; The electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and it passes these electrons from one molecule to another until they are passed (along with two hydrogen ions) to oxygen to form water.
  • glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis is the only stage of cellular respiration that __________.
  • loses electrons and becomes oxidized.
  • taste of sourdough bread
  • requires ATP to make ATP
  • recycle NADH through fermentation
In the first stage of cellular respiration, two molecules of pyruvate are produced. In the remaining stages, a number of products are produced, including _____. These stages occur in the _____.
  • CO2 ... mitochondria
  • an oxygen atom.
  • They are used to form water.
  • oxygen becomes reduced
A molecule is oxidized when it __________.
  • loses electrons and loses energy
  • loses an electron
  • lactate and NAD+
  • requires ATP to make ATP
In glycolysis, __________ is oxidized and __________ is reduced.
  • substrate-level phosphorylation
  • lactate and NAD+
  • glucose ... NAD+
  • 2 ATP and 2 NADH
In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another. The energy released is used to __________.
  • pump protons (H+) across the mitochondrial membrane
  • these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain.
  • these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain
  • The membrane is impermeable to H+.
During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose
  • the flavor of sourdough bread
  • oxygen becomes reduced
  • is carried by electrons.
  • loses ... oxygen gains
Most of the electrons released from glucose by cell respiration __________.
  • formation of NADH and FADH2; Each turn of the citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide, forms 1 ATP, and passes electrons to 3 NAD+ and 1 FAD.
  • glycolysis; Glycolysis, or the splitting of sugar, splits a 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules.
  • are bound to NAD+ to be sent through electron transport; Most of the electrons released from the glucose are picked up by NAD+ and sent through the electron transport chain.
  • Glycolysis because it occurs in all living cells and does;t require oxygen or membrane closed organelles.
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