Structures that precipitate antigens, promote lysis, attract phagocytes, and neutralize toxins are called ________.
  • perforin ... cell-mediated.......Perforin causes the lysis of pathogen-infected body cells; it is a component of the cell-mediated immune response.
  • plasma cells....develop from B cells that have been stimulated by the interleukin-2 secreted by helper T cells.
  • antibodies....Antibodies defend the system by precipitating antigens, promoting lysis, attracting phagocytes, and neutralizing toxins.
  • the immune system fails to recognize "self" cells...Autoimmune disorders occur when the body fails to recognize "self" cells and attacks its own cells as foreign.
Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in that they both __________.
  • mode of metabolism....While this can affect the danger of a pathogen, it is not a major factor.
  • innate external defenses....innate external defenses (surface barriers) are the first line of defense and include tears, mucus membranes, and the skin.
  • contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of fluid.... Both veins and lymphatic vessels contain one-way valves.
  • Cytotoxic T cells punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells....This event causes infected host cells to burst and die and prevents the virus from spreading to other cells.
In which of the following choices is the cell correctly matched with its function?
  • basophil: secretes histamine
  • mode of metabolism....While this can affect the danger of a pathogen, it is not a major factor.
  • Viruses require a host cell in which to reproduce.
  • macrophage...Macrophages are phagocytic leukocytes.
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?
  • innate internal defenses....the macrophage recognizes many molecules found on pathogens that are not present on normal body cells.
  • humoral immunity..involves antibodies that can be transferred from one person to another.
  • innate external defenses....innate external defenses (surface barriers) are the first line of defense and include tears, mucus membranes, and the skin.
  • contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of fluid.... Both veins and lymphatic vessels contain one-way valves.
What is the final step in the cell-mediated response to a viral infection?
  • Cytotoxic T cells punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells....This event causes infected host cells to burst and die and prevents the virus from spreading to other cells.
  • an antigenic determinant..also called an epitope, the antigenic determinant is the specific part of an antigen that the antibody or lymphocyte antigenic determinant receptor binds to.
  • Plasma cells are part of the MHC system....This statement is false. Plasma cells are effector B cells and not part of the MHC system. Therefore, this is the correct answer.
  • mode of metabolism....While this can affect the danger of a pathogen, it is not a major factor.
Inflamed tissue turns red because ________.
  • They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels at the wound site....Mast cells release histamine, which causes dilation of arterioles and leads to increased blood flow to the injured tissue.
  • the swelling of the tissue and the chemicals released from certain cells....The swelling and the chemicals may both stimulate surrounding sensory neurons and this brings about pain.
  • They are all part of the first line of defense....All participate in preventing a pathogen from entering the body.
  • there is an increased blood flow to the injured tissues due to dilation of arterioles in the injured area.....The localized increase in blood flow is often seen as redness surrounding the injured tissue as histamine relaxes the smooth muscle in the vessels.
B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin-2 develop into _____.
  • Plasma cells are part of the MHC system....This statement is false. Plasma cells are effector B cells and not part of the MHC system. Therefore, this is the correct answer.
  • plasma B cells....the plasma B cells make antibodies in response to specific antigens.
  • plasma cells....develop from B cells that have been stimulated by the interleukin-2 secreted by helper T cells.
  • plasma cells...are clones of antibody-secreting B cells.
What type(s) of cell(s) can helper T cells become?
  • They are all part of the first line of defense....All participate in preventing a pathogen from entering the body.
  • Plasma cells are part of the MHC system....This statement is false. Plasma cells are effector B cells and not part of the MHC system. Therefore, this is the correct answer.
  • humoral immunity..involves antibodies that can be transferred from one person to another.
  • memory helper T cells and effector helper T cells...Helper T cells can develop into both memory helper T cells and effector helper T cells.
The direct cause of the heat generated by a wound or local infection is ________.
  • histamine, which causes the smooth muscle cells of the arterioles to relax; this leads to a cascade of events causing the tissue to become hot....Histamine, released by the mast cells, causes the smooth muscle cells of the arterioles to relax and ultimately leads to the heat apparent in the infected tissue.
  • perforin ... cell-mediated.......Perforin causes the lysis of pathogen-infected body cells; it is a component of the cell-mediated immune response.
  • an antigenic determinant..also called an epitope, the antigenic determinant is the specific part of an antigen that the antibody or lymphocyte antigenic determinant receptor binds to.
  • the swelling of the tissue and the chemicals released from certain cells....The swelling and the chemicals may both stimulate surrounding sensory neurons and this brings about pain.
Which one of the following types of T cells is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system?
  • T helper cell
  • Bacterial cells use ATP to fuel cellular activities.
  • basophil: secretes histamine
  • Anaphylactic shock
The following are steps in phagocytosis: (1) Bacterium is digested by lysosomal enzymes; (2) phagocyte approaches bacterium; (3) phagocytic vesicle fuses with lysosome; and (4) phagocyte engulfs bacterium, forming a phagocytic vesicle. In which order do these steps occur?
  • T helper cell
  • Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material.
  • False
  • 2-4-3-1
Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies?
  • memory cells....responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response and for long-term immunity.
  • HIV specifically impairs the cell-mediated immune response.
  • plasma cells...are clones of antibody-secreting B cells.
  • Plasma cells are part of the MHC system....This statement is false. Plasma cells are effector B cells and not part of the MHC system. Therefore, this is the correct answer.
What cells make antibodies?
  • Plasma cells are part of the MHC system....This statement is false. Plasma cells are effector B cells and not part of the MHC system. Therefore, this is the correct answer.
  • plasma B cells....the plasma B cells make antibodies in response to specific antigens.
  • memory cells....responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response and for long-term immunity.
  • plasma cells...are clones of antibody-secreting B cells.
There are four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature. After two hours, how many bacteria will be in the egg salad?
  • administration of immunosuppressive drugsmatching the MHC tissue antigensmatching the ABO blood group antigens
  • humoral immunity..involves antibodies that can be transferred from one person to another.
  • 256....The bacteria would double 6 times in 2 hours, so the total number of bacteria in the egg salad would be 256.
  • innate internal defenses....the macrophage recognizes many molecules found on pathogens that are not present on normal body cells.
The spleen __________.
  • memory helper T cells and effector helper T cells...Helper T cells can develop into both memory helper T cells and effector helper T cells.
  • memory cells....responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response and for long-term immunity.
  • removes damaged red blood cells from circulation...The spleen destroys old and damaged red blood cells.
  • perforin ... cell-mediated.......Perforin causes the lysis of pathogen-infected body cells; it is a component of the cell-mediated immune response.
Which of the following types of cell can ingest pathogens?
  • plasma cells...are clones of antibody-secreting B cells.
  • macrophages....Macrophages are phagocytic cells that can ingest pathogens; they can also present antigens to helper T cells.
  • administration of immunosuppressive drugsmatching the MHC tissue antigensmatching the ABO blood group antigens
  • Plasma cells are part of the MHC system....This statement is false. Plasma cells are effector B cells and not part of the MHC system. Therefore, this is the correct answer.
Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response?
  • mode of metabolism....While this can affect the danger of a pathogen, it is not a major factor.
  • memory cells....responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response and for long-term immunity.
  • macrophage...Macrophages are phagocytic leukocytes.
  • plasma cells...are clones of antibody-secreting B cells.
Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
  • Anaphylactic shock
  • Plasma cells are part of the MHC system....This statement is false. Plasma cells are effector B cells and not part of the MHC system. Therefore, this is the correct answer.
  • plasma cells...are clones of antibody-secreting B cells.
  • HIV specifically impairs the cell-mediated immune response.
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
  • the swelling of the tissue and the chemicals released from certain cells....The swelling and the chemicals may both stimulate surrounding sensory neurons and this brings about pain.
  • administration of immunosuppressive drugsmatching the MHC tissue antigensmatching the ABO blood group antigens
  • Plasma cells are part of the MHC system....This statement is false. Plasma cells are effector B cells and not part of the MHC system. Therefore, this is the correct answer.
  • an antigenic determinant..also called an epitope, the antigenic determinant is the specific part of an antigen that the antibody or lymphocyte antigenic determinant receptor binds to.
Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium?
  • memory cells....responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response and for long-term immunity.
  • macrophage...Macrophages are phagocytic leukocytes.
  • macrophages....Macrophages are phagocytic cells that can ingest pathogens; they can also present antigens to helper T cells.
  • Bacterial cells use ATP to fuel cellular activities.
The primary immune response is __________.
  • Viruses require a host cell in which to reproduce.
  • HIV specifically impairs the cell-mediated immune response.
  • plasma cells...are clones of antibody-secreting B cells.
  • less effective than the secondary immune response
Which of the following statements about HIV is true?
  • mode of metabolism....While this can affect the danger of a pathogen, it is not a major factor.
  • HIV specifically impairs the cell-mediated immune response.
  • plasma cells...are clones of antibody-secreting B cells.
  • macrophages....Macrophages are phagocytic cells that can ingest pathogens; they can also present antigens to helper T cells.
What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
  • memory cells....responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response and for long-term immunity.
  • 256....The bacteria would double 6 times in 2 hours, so the total number of bacteria in the egg salad would be 256.
  • destruction of cytokines....Cytokines are part of the body's defense in cell-mediated immunity.
  • humoral immunity..involves antibodies that can be transferred from one person to another.
What is the role of mast cells in the inflammatory response?
  • Cytotoxic T cells punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells....This event causes infected host cells to burst and die and prevents the virus from spreading to other cells.
  • an antigenic determinant..also called an epitope, the antigenic determinant is the specific part of an antigen that the antibody or lymphocyte antigenic determinant receptor binds to.
  • They release chemicals that dilate blood vessels at the wound site....Mast cells release histamine, which causes dilation of arterioles and leads to increased blood flow to the injured tissue.
  • Plasma cells are part of the MHC system....This statement is false. Plasma cells are effector B cells and not part of the MHC system. Therefore, this is the correct answer.
Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
  • mode of metabolism....While this can affect the danger of a pathogen, it is not a major factor.
  • Cytotoxic T cells....cytotoxic T cells attack cancer cells, since they are part of cell-mediated immunity.
  • contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of fluid.... Both veins and lymphatic vessels contain one-way valves.
  • Cytotoxic T cells punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells....This event causes infected host cells to burst and die and prevents the virus from spreading to other cells.
The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response.
  • perforin ... cell-mediated.......Perforin causes the lysis of pathogen-infected body cells; it is a component of the cell-mediated immune response.
  • B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells...The antigen-selected proliferation of B cells produces clones of plasma cells and memory cells.
  • the swelling of the tissue and the chemicals released from certain cells....The swelling and the chemicals may both stimulate surrounding sensory neurons and this brings about pain.
  • an antigenic determinant..also called an epitope, the antigenic determinant is the specific part of an antigen that the antibody or lymphocyte antigenic determinant receptor binds to.
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?
  • innate external defenses....innate external defenses (surface barriers) are the first line of defense and include tears, mucus membranes, and the skin.
  • memory helper T cells and effector helper T cells...Helper T cells can develop into both memory helper T cells and effector helper T cells.
  • innate internal defenses....the macrophage recognizes many molecules found on pathogens that are not present on normal body cells.
  • contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of fluid.... Both veins and lymphatic vessels contain one-way valves.
Activation of a B cell leads to all of the following, EXCEPT __________.
  • destruction of cytokines....Cytokines are part of the body's defense in cell-mediated immunity.
  • memory cells....responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response and for long-term immunity.
  • plasma cells....develop from B cells that have been stimulated by the interleukin-2 secreted by helper T cells.
  • contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of fluid.... Both veins and lymphatic vessels contain one-way valves.
Which of the following increases the likelihood of successful organ transplant?
  • Capsule....The gelatinous capsule that covers some bacteria helps them attach to the tissues that they will infect.
  • Cytotoxic T cells punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells....This event causes infected host cells to burst and die and prevents the virus from spreading to other cells.
  • HIV specifically impairs the cell-mediated immune response.
  • administration of immunosuppressive drugsmatching the MHC tissue antigensmatching the ABO blood group antigens
If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
  • contain one-way valves to prevent the backflow of fluid.... Both veins and lymphatic vessels contain one-way valves.
  • administration of immunosuppressive drugsmatching the MHC tissue antigensmatching the ABO blood group antigens
  • plasma cells....develop from B cells that have been stimulated by the interleukin-2 secreted by helper T cells.
  • cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)....cell-mediated immunity involves an intracellular pathogen such as a virus.
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