Multiple Choice Questions

Endospores are reproductive structures.
  • True
  • False
Gram-positive bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan than gram-negative bacteria.
  • True
  • False
The most widely accepted current model for membrane structures is called the __________ model.
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Peripheral
  • fluid mosaic
  • Acidophiles
Eukaryotic ribosomes are known as _____ ribosomes, based on their sedimentation coefficient.
  • Complex
  • False
  • True
  • 80S
Lipids with polar and nonpolar ends are said to be
  • Spirilla
  • Thermophilic
  • amphipathic
  • spirochetes.
Transport of two different substances can be linked. If the transport is in the same direction it is called __________; if the transport is in opposite directions it is called __________.
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Sporulation
  • Halophilic
  • Symport, antiport
In the Gram-staining procedure, the primary stain is
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Crystal Violet
  • Spirilla
  • amphipathic
Who is credited with developing and documenting the first vaccination procedure against smallpox?
  • Developed the drug Salvarsan to treat syphilis
  • Active transport
  • False
  • Edward Jenner
Organisms that require high levels of sodium chloride in order to grow are called __________ organisms.
  • amphipathic
  • Endospores
  • Hydrophilic
  • Halophilic
Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease?
  • Edward Jenner
  • Koch
  • Discovered genetic transformation - The process by which bacteria can take up "naked" DNA from their environment
  • False
Although penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis, bacterial cells will continue to grow normally in the presence of penicillin in a(n) __________ environment.
  • Endotoxin
  • fluid mosaic
  • Safranin
  • isotonic
A strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has undergone a mutation and is no longer able to make pili. Predict the most likely outc
  • The presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm
  • -Lower pH-Low water content of endospores-Spore coat-Presence of calcium dipicolinate
  • The bacteria will become less virulent and will not be able to readily establish infection.
  • Most archaeal cells have a cell wall, but it is not composed of peptidoglycan.
Nutrients can be concentrated from dilute solutions by
  • Transmission electron microscope
  • active transport and group translocation.
  • Dark-field
  • Surface structures.
Which bacterial structure may survive if temperatures applied during food preservation processes are too low?
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Endotoxin
  • Spirilla
  • Endospores
The plasma membrane of eukaryotes contains all of the following EXCEPT
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Spontaneous generation
  • Vibrio
  • spirochetes.
__________ is the process through which endospores are formed within a vegetative cell.
  • Symport, antiport
  • Sporulation
  • spirochetes.
  • Acidophiles
Cells with a relatively complex morphology that have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called
  • eukaryotes.
  • pseudomurein
  • Endospores
  • fluid mosaic
Griffith
  • Koch
  • Discovered genetic transformation - The process by which bacteria can take up "naked" DNA from their environment
  • discovered the double helix structure of DNA
  • Active transport
In the Gram-staining procedure, the counterstain is
  • Spirilla
  • Safranin
  • Sporulation
  • differential staining
Fleming
  • It is found only in gram-positive bacteria.
  • Phase-Contrast
  • active transport and group translocation.
  • discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin
Pasteur
  • Most archaeal cells have a cell wall, but it is not composed of peptidoglycan.
  • -Lower pH-Low water content of endospores-Spore coat-Presence of calcium dipicolinate
  • Swan-neck flask experimentDisproved spontaneous generationPasteurization and fermentation
  • spread plates that readily grow anaerobic bacteria.
Viruses
  • Spontaneous generation
  • Bacteria and Archaea (Prokaryotes)
  • differential staining
  • Acellular and non-living
You discover a new transport system used by a newly discovered bacterial species. The sugars that are transported using this system are phosphorylated as they enter the bacterial cell. You would describe this transport system as a(n) _____.
  • Edward Jenner
  • Koch
  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Group translocation
Organisms that grow near deep-sea volcanic vents are likely to be
  • Thermophilic
  • Hydrophilic
  • Halophilic
  • Acidophiles
An instrument that magnifies slight differences in the refractive index of cell structures is called a (n) __________ microscope.
  • Endotoxin
  • Phase-Contrast
  • dipicolinic acid
  • Endospores
The Gram-staining procedure is an example of ________________________.
  • Safranin
  • differential staining
  • Surface structures.
  • Thermophilic
The plasma membrane of eukaryotes contains all of the following
  • -sterols-sphingolipids.-phosphoglycerides.
  • -The optimum temperature-The maximum temperature-The minimum temperature
  • spread plates that readily grow anaerobic bacteria.
  • Spontaneous generation
Immersion oil increases the amount of light entering the objective lens.
  • True
  • False
Small circular DNA molecules capable of replicating and containing genes that are useful but not necessary to the bacterium are called __________.
  • Halophilic
  • Transmission electron microscope
  • Endospores
  • Plasmids
Bacterial and archaeal ribosomes are known as _____ ribosomes, based on their sedimentation coefficient.
  • False
  • 80S
  • 70S
  • True
Endospores are resistant to most environmental stressors because they have _____ complexed with calcium ions which stabilize DNA.
  • Halophilic
  • differential staining
  • Acidophiles
  • dipicolinic acid
All eukaryotes have a membrane-delimited nucleus.
  • True
  • False
Which of the following is considered a cardinal growth temperature?
  • -The optimum temperature-The maximum temperature-The minimum temperature
  • spread plates that readily grow anaerobic bacteria.
  • -Can move materials against a concentration gradient-Use of ATP or a proton gradient as a source of metabolic energy-Saturable uptake rate
  • It is found only in gram-positive bacteria.
The concept that human and animal diseases are caused by microorganisms is called the
  • Germ theory
  • differential staining
  • Spontaneous generation
  • Peptidoglycan
The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Surface structures.
  • fluid mosaic
  • Spontaneous generation
The cell membrane is a rigid structure that provides bacteria with their characteristic shapes.
  • True
  • False
A culture in a closed vessel to which no additional medium is added and from which no waste products are removed is called a __________ culture.
  • Plasmids
  • Batch
  • True
  • False
External structures that are found in Archaea but not Bacteria are _________.
  • Hami
  • True
  • Vibrio
  • 70S
The instrument that produces a bright image of the specimen against a dark background is called a (n) __________ microscope.
  • Dark-field
  • Induction
  • Selective
  • Acidophiles
Ehrlich
  • Developed the drug Salvarsan to treat syphilis
  • Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
  • Koch
  • Discovered genetic transformation - The process by which bacteria can take up "naked" DNA from their environment
Which of the following structures is NOT found in an endospore?
  • False
  • Capsule
  • Induction
  • -Can move materials against a concentration gradient-Use of ATP or a proton gradient as a source of metabolic energy-Saturable uptake rate
Bacteria have a region of the cytoplasm known as the __________, which is not bounded by a membrane but contains the chromosome.
  • isotonic
  • nucleoid
  • Complex
  • Endotoxin
Although developed over 100 years ago, Koch's postulates continue to be used successfully in all known human infectious diseases.
  • True
  • False
It was possible to view viruses only after the invention of the electron microscope because they are too small to be seen with a light microscope.
  • True
  • False
Molecules or regions of molecules that readily interact with water are said to be __________, whereas molecules or regions of molecules that are insoluble in water or do not readily interact with water are said to be hydrophobic.
  • spirochetes.
  • Symport, antiport
  • pseudomurein
  • Hydrophilic
Which of the following are part of the process by which an endospore transforms to become a vegetative cell?
  • -They retain water and help prevent desiccation of the bacteria.-They help bacteria escape phagocytosis by host cells.-They prevent entry of many bacterial viruses.
  • -Outgrowth-Activation-Germination
  • It is found only in gram-positive bacteria.
  • Peptidoglycan
Watson and Crick
  • Phase-Contrast
  • active transport and group translocation.
  • discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin
  • discovered the double helix structure of DNA
All of the following are characteristics of spread plates
  • -acts as a selectively permeable barrier, allowing some molecules to pass while preventing the movement of others.-retains the cytoplasm and its contents.-is the major site of ATP synthesis in aerobes.
  • -Lower pH-Low water content of endospores-Spore coat-Presence of calcium dipicolinate
  • -colonies that grow on the surface of the agar.-spread plates that are typically inoculated with a bent glass rod.-specimens that are typically diluted prior to inoculation of a spread plate
  • Spheroplasts retain their outer membrane but protoplasts do not. Meaning that spheroplast are gram-negative and protoplasts are gram-positive
Gram-positive bacteria have a structurally and chemically more complex cell wall than gram-negative bacteria.
  • True
  • False
After the primary stain has been added but before the decolorizer has been used, gram-positive organisms are stained __________ and gram-negative organisms are stained __________.
  • purple; purple
  • Symport, antiport
  • Endotoxin
  • pleomorphic
All of the following are characteristics of spread plates EXCEPT
  • -Can move materials against a concentration gradient-Use of ATP or a proton gradient as a source of metabolic energy-Saturable uptake rate
  • -colonies that grow on the surface of the agar.-spread plates that are typically inoculated with a bent glass rod.-specimens that are typically diluted prior to inoculation of a spread plate
  • spread plates that readily grow anaerobic bacteria.
  • Capsule
How do spheroplasts and protosplasts differ?
  • Spheroplasts retain their outer membrane but protoplasts do not. Meaning that spheroplast are gram-negative and protoplasts are gram-positive
  • spread plates that readily grow anaerobic bacteria.
  • -Can move materials against a concentration gradient-Use of ATP or a proton gradient as a source of metabolic energy-Saturable uptake rate
  • -acts as a selectively permeable barrier, allowing some molecules to pass while preventing the movement of others.-retains the cytoplasm and its contents.-is the major site of ATP synthesis in aerobes.
Bacterial cells that are variable in shape are called
  • pseudomurein
  • nucleoid
  • pleomorphic
  • isotonic
Endospores represent a challenge to the fields of industrial and medical microbiology because
  • -acts as a selectively permeable barrier, allowing some molecules to pass while preventing the movement of others.-retains the cytoplasm and its contents.-is the major site of ATP synthesis in aerobes.
  • -A complex peptidoglycan network -Outer membrane -lipopolysaccharide
  • Spheroplasts retain their outer membrane but protoplasts do not. Meaning that spheroplast are gram-negative and protoplasts are gram-positive
  • endospores are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of endospore-forming organisms under conditions in which non-endospore-forming cells would not survive, and endospore-forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens.
Resolution improves when the wavelength of the illuminating light decreases.
  • True
  • False
A growth medium that favors the growth of some microorganisms but inhibits the growth of other microorganisms is a __________ medium.
  • Selective
  • eukaryotes.
  • purple; purple
  • Endospores
Media containing some ingredients of unknown chemical composition are called __________ media.
  • nucleoid
  • eukaryotes.
  • Complex
  • True
Penicillin inhibits bacterial growth by preventing the cross-linking during peptidoglycan synthesis. Why does penicillin not inhibit growth of archaeal cells?
  • Most archaeal cells have a cell wall, but it is not composed of peptidoglycan.
  • The bacteria will become less virulent and will not be able to readily establish infection.
  • -The optimum temperature-The maximum temperature-The minimum temperature
  • Gram-negative bacteria would be unstained
Proteins that are loosely associated with the cytoplasmic membrane are called __________ proteins.
  • fluid mosaic
  • Sporulation
  • pleomorphic
  • Peripheral
Acid-fast organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis contain __________ constructed from mycolic acids in their cell walls.
  • Lipids
  • False
  • Endospores
  • Hami
Gram staining divides bacterial species into two groups based on differences in cell wall structure.
  • True
  • False
The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration with the expenditure of energy is called
  • Active transport
  • Passive diffusion
  • active transport and group translocation.
  • discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin
Three domains of life
  • False
  • Active transport
  • Developed the drug Salvarsan to treat syphilis
  • Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Which of the following is useful in distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
  • spread plates that readily grow anaerobic bacteria.
  • The presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm
  • -They retain water and help prevent desiccation of the bacteria.-They help bacteria escape phagocytosis by host cells.-They prevent entry of many bacterial viruses.
  • -Can move materials against a concentration gradient-Use of ATP or a proton gradient as a source of metabolic energy-Saturable uptake rate
Which of the following is/are true of capsules?
  • -Can move materials against a concentration gradient-Use of ATP or a proton gradient as a source of metabolic energy-Saturable uptake rate
  • The presence of membrane-delimited organelles within the cytoplasm
  • -They retain water and help prevent desiccation of the bacteria.-They help bacteria escape phagocytosis by host cells.-They prevent entry of many bacterial viruses.
  • -The optimum temperature-The maximum temperature-The minimum temperature
The term used to describe bacteria that have a spherical shape is
  • spirochetes.
  • coccus.
  • True
  • Thermophilic
Agar is an excellent solidifying agent for microbiological media because
  • either there is a balance between cell division and cell death or there is a cessation of cell division even though the cells may remain metabolically active.
  • spread plates that readily grow anaerobic bacteria.
  • endospores are resistant to harsh environments, thus allowing survival of endospore-forming organisms under conditions in which non-endospore-forming cells would not survive, and endospore-forming organisms are often dangerous pathogens.
  • it is not degraded by most microorganisms and solid agar remains solid until the temperature is raised to 90°C, and liquid agar remains liquid if the temperature is lowered to 45°C are correct.
Which of the following is a characteristic of active transport?
  • -Can move materials against a concentration gradient-Use of ATP or a proton gradient as a source of metabolic energy-Saturable uptake rate
  • Induction
  • -They retain water and help prevent desiccation of the bacteria.-They help bacteria escape phagocytosis by host cells.-They prevent entry of many bacterial viruses.
  • -The optimum temperature-The maximum temperature-The minimum temperature
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Multiple Choice Questions
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