Multiple Choice Questions

Viruses associated with cancer
  • The capsid breaks apart, releasing the viral genome.
  • hepatitis B virus (HBV)human papillomavirus (HPV) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
  • The prophage in specialized transduction carries with it pieces of the host chromosomal DNA.
  • Antigenic shift can occur because the genome is in several pieces.
Predict which of the following would be outcomes of treatment with Tamiflu.
  • a decrease in the release of viral particles from the cell overall decrease in the replication rate of influenza an increase in the ability of the immune system to combat the infection If taken within 30 hours of the appearance of symptoms, Tamiflu is quite effective at inhibiting viral replication. Because NA has been inhibited, the viral particles are unable to bud from the infected cells. As a result, the infection isn't perpetuated. This slowing in the replication cycle gives the body enough time to mount an effective immune response and eventually eliminate the infection.
  • increased fluid in the lungs and labored breathingan excessive inflammatory response leading to extensive tissue damage The cytokine storm during infection with the 1918 influenza was extremely destructive. The massive release of cytokines in the lungs led to an uncontrolled inflammatory response. As cells moved into the lung tissue, the tissue was destroyed. Fluid entered the lungs, and patients struggled to breathe. Furthermore, the ability to deliver oxygen to the body was severely compromised, giving many patients a blue appearance.
  • Little immunity to virus strains resulting from antigenic shift exists in the population.Viral strains resulting from antigenic shift contain RNA segments from different species.Antigenic shift results in a major change in the genetic composition of the virus. Genetic analysis of the 1918 flu revealed that it contained genetic material that was both avian and mammalian in origin. This reassortment led to a deadly combination—a virus that was both highly virulent and transmissible. These factors, coupled with the lack of immunity in any population, led to the pandemic that impacted the entire world.
  • After gaining entry to the host respiratory system, influenza adheres to host cells. The virus then enters the cells and begins the process of hijacking host machinery in order to produce new viral particles. After all the components are synthesized, they are assembled, and the virus leaves via budding. The newly released particles then infect neighboring cells, perpetuating the infection.
Assume a patient has influenza. During which time on the graph in the figure would the patient show the symptoms of the illness?
  • competitive inhibition
  • latent viruses.
  • Scrapie
  • c
How are viruses different from cells?
  • The multimers are more stable and resistant to protease.
  • They require a host in order to reproduce.
  • They lack nucleic acid.
  • Spikes are found on some viruses. They are very consistent in structure and can be used for identification.Some enveloped viruses have spikes, and they can be used for identification, such as the H and N spikes on the influenza virus.
What would be the fate of a lytic bacteriophage if the host cell died prior to the assembly stage?
  • The capsid breaks apart, releasing the viral genome.
  • The virus would not be able to infect new hosts.
  • What happens to the packaged DNA of a specialized transduced phage when it infects a new recipient cell?
  • The multimers are more stable and resistant to protease.
The host DNA is usually degraded during which stage?
  • measles
  • Diarrhea
  • annual vaccination.
  • Biosynthesis
An eight-year-old girl has scabs and pus-filled vesicles on her face and throat. Three weeks earlier she had visited her grandmother, who had shingles. What infection does the eight-year-old have?
  • Penetration
  • chickenpox
  • competitive inhibition
  • Biosynthesis
Why is it more difficult to treat viral infections than it is to treat bacterial infections?
  • The virus would not be able to infect new hosts.
  • Viruses use the host cell's processes to carry out their own reproduction.
  • Normal PrP have alpha-helices; infectious PrP have beta-pleated sheets.
  • Viruses depend on host cells for replication. The herpes zoster virus is a DNA virus. It enters the host cell by attaching to host cell receptors. Once inside, the virion is uncoated to release the DNA into the nucleus of the host cell. "Early" genes, typically used for viral replication, are transcribed using the host's RNA polymerase. Viral DNA is then replicated to produce multiple copies of the DNA. The remaining components of a virion are the produced via transcription and translation of "late" genes. Capsid proteins then migrate to the nucleus of the host cell. Maturation occurs when the capsid proteins and viral DNA combine to form a complete virus. The virions are then released from the host cell to go and infect new host cells. Image C diagrams the replication of papovavirus, a DNA virus similar to herpesvirus.
Predict which of the following are reasonable outcomes of the cytokine storm during the 1918 flu pandemic.
  • a decrease in the release of viral particles from the cell overall decrease in the replication rate of influenza an increase in the ability of the immune system to combat the infection If taken within 30 hours of the appearance of symptoms, Tamiflu is quite effective at inhibiting viral replication. Because NA has been inhibited, the viral particles are unable to bud from the infected cells. As a result, the infection isn't perpetuated. This slowing in the replication cycle gives the body enough time to mount an effective immune response and eventually eliminate the infection.
  • Little immunity to virus strains resulting from antigenic shift exists in the population.Viral strains resulting from antigenic shift contain RNA segments from different species.Antigenic shift results in a major change in the genetic composition of the virus. Genetic analysis of the 1918 flu revealed that it contained genetic material that was both avian and mammalian in origin. This reassortment led to a deadly combination—a virus that was both highly virulent and transmissible. These factors, coupled with the lack of immunity in any population, led to the pandemic that impacted the entire world.
  • During lysogeny, the viral genome integrates into the host DNA, becoming a physical part of the chromosome.During lysogeny, the viral genome is integrated into the host DNA. It is inactive at this time, and virus is not produced.
  • increased fluid in the lungs and labored breathingan excessive inflammatory response leading to extensive tissue damage The cytokine storm during infection with the 1918 influenza was extremely destructive. The massive release of cytokines in the lungs led to an uncontrolled inflammatory response. As cells moved into the lung tissue, the tissue was destroyed. Fluid entered the lungs, and patients struggled to breathe. Furthermore, the ability to deliver oxygen to the body was severely compromised, giving many patients a blue appearance.
The primary victims of the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 were
  • Biosynthesis
  • young adults.
  • annual vaccination.
  • assisting in normal synaptic development and function.
The varicella-zoster virus is the causative agent of chickenpox and shingles.
  • True
  • False
  • latent viruses.
  • Diarrhea
In which stage does formation of mature viruses occur?
  • Assembly
  • In order to yield a vaccine, the virus must be produced in eggs. The virus undergoes antigenic changes on a regular basis. A vaccine for influenza has been available since about 1945. The current vaccine generates protection against the three strains most likely to cause infection during the flu season. The vaccine is currently available in two forms: a nasal spray (made from live, attenuated virus) and an injection (made from inactivated virus). Although both offer protection, the effect is relatively short-lived and is specific only for the three strains contained in the vaccine.
  • Diploid cell culture lines, developed from human embryos, are widely used for culturing viruses that require a human host. Cell culture produces the most reproducible results.
  • Spikes are found on some viruses. They are very consistent in structure and can be used for identification.Some enveloped viruses have spikes, and they can be used for identification, such as the H and N spikes on the influenza virus.
Warts are caused by
  • Biosynthesis
  • papillomavirus.
  • annual vaccination.
  • They lack nucleic acid.
In which stage is the viral DNA introduced into the cell?
  • Penetration
  • Scrapie
  • Antigenic shift can occur because the genome is in several pieces.
  • Proteinaceous infectious particles
How do normal prion proteins (PrP) differ from the infectious prion proteins?
  • The prophage takes an antibiotic resistance gene with it and is packaged with the newly synthesized viral DNA
  • Normal PrP have alpha-helices; infectious PrP have beta-pleated sheets.
  • To package and protect the viral genome
  • Prions transform normal proteins into the misfolded beta-pleated sheet configuration; therefore, prions multiply by conversion.
the sequence of events involved in the replication of influenza.
  • a decrease in the release of viral particles from the cell overall decrease in the replication rate of influenza an increase in the ability of the immune system to combat the infection If taken within 30 hours of the appearance of symptoms, Tamiflu is quite effective at inhibiting viral replication. Because NA has been inhibited, the viral particles are unable to bud from the infected cells. As a result, the infection isn't perpetuated. This slowing in the replication cycle gives the body enough time to mount an effective immune response and eventually eliminate the infection.
  • headachefevermuscle painAfter the person is exposed to the flu virus, there is a short incubation period—only about one day—before symptoms of infection appear. Influenza infection commonly causes muscle aches and headache. These are most likely due to the fever that is part of the normal immune response to infection. As fever raises the body temperature, cellular demand for water will increase. At the same time, the person's appetite and thirst are typically depressed, leading to decreased consumption of water. These two factors contribute to dehydration and an electrolyte balance, which typically manifest as general malaise and headache.
  • During lysogeny, the viral genome integrates into the host DNA, becoming a physical part of the chromosome.During lysogeny, the viral genome is integrated into the host DNA. It is inactive at this time, and virus is not produced.
  • After gaining entry to the host respiratory system, influenza adheres to host cells. The virus then enters the cells and begins the process of hijacking host machinery in order to produce new viral particles. After all the components are synthesized, they are assembled, and the virus leaves via budding. The newly released particles then infect neighboring cells, perpetuating the infection.
Assume a patient had chickenpox (human herpesvirus 3) as a child. Which line on the graph in the figure would show the number of viruses present in this person as a 60-year-old with shingles (human herpesvirus 3)?
  • e
  • False
  • attachment
  • chickenpox
The eradication of smallpox was possible because
  • To package and protect the viral genome
  • The virus would not be able to infect new hosts.
  • The capsid breaks apart, releasing the viral genome.
  • there are no animal reservoirs of the virus.
The structures of the influenza drug Tamiflu and sialic acid, the substrate for influenza viruss neuramidase, are shown in the figure. What is the method of action of Tamiflu?
  • chickenpox
  • Biosynthesis
  • attachment
  • competitive inhibition
Which of the following factors could have contributed to Barbara's development of shingles?
  • During lysogeny, the viral genome integrates into the host DNA, becoming a physical part of the chromosome.During lysogeny, the viral genome is integrated into the host DNA. It is inactive at this time, and virus is not produced.
  • her daughter and grandchildren moving into her house shortly after the death of her husbandher age, 68 Many factors can contribute to reactivation of a latent virus. Research has yet to narrow it down to one thing, but stress, old age, and a change in the host's immune system have been linked to viral reactivation.
  • cold sores or fever blisters Cold sores or fever blisters are the painful, short-lived vesicles that form near the outer margins of the lips. It is transmitted via oral and respiratory routes. In the United States, a large percentage of the population is infected with this virus during infancy, when the virus is passed via respiratory droplets from family members. (Who can resist kissing a baby?)
  • a decrease in the release of viral particles from the cell overall decrease in the replication rate of influenza an increase in the ability of the immune system to combat the infection If taken within 30 hours of the appearance of symptoms, Tamiflu is quite effective at inhibiting viral replication. Because NA has been inhibited, the viral particles are unable to bud from the infected cells. As a result, the infection isn't perpetuated. This slowing in the replication cycle gives the body enough time to mount an effective immune response and eventually eliminate the infection.
Barbara is worried about spending time with her grandchildren while being treated for shingles. Can her grandchildren contract chickenpox or shingles from spending time with their grandmother?
  • No. Because of their ages, the grandchildren have most likely been vaccinated against the chickenpox. They are also safe from contracting shingles because they are young.The grandchildren are ages 6, 8, and 12, which means that the varicella vaccine has been an available for all of them. The grandchildren are school-aged and were most likely required to receive the chickenpox vaccine before starting school. If they contracted the virus from Barbara, it would result in a mild form of the rash. This is common in previously vaccinated individuals and is called "breakthrough varicella." The grandchildren would not contract shingles from Barbara because this disease is rare in individuals younger than 20.
  • Viruses depend on host cells for replication. The herpes zoster virus is a DNA virus. It enters the host cell by attaching to host cell receptors. Once inside, the virion is uncoated to release the DNA into the nucleus of the host cell. "Early" genes, typically used for viral replication, are transcribed using the host's RNA polymerase. Viral DNA is then replicated to produce multiple copies of the DNA. The remaining components of a virion are the produced via transcription and translation of "late" genes. Capsid proteins then migrate to the nucleus of the host cell. Maturation occurs when the capsid proteins and viral DNA combine to form a complete virus. The virions are then released from the host cell to go and infect new host cells. Image C diagrams the replication of papovavirus, a DNA virus similar to herpesvirus.
  • chickenpox
  • headachefevermuscle painAfter the person is exposed to the flu virus, there is a short incubation period—only about one day—before symptoms of infection appear. Influenza infection commonly causes muscle aches and headache. These are most likely due to the fever that is part of the normal immune response to infection. As fever raises the body temperature, cellular demand for water will increase. At the same time, the person's appetite and thirst are typically depressed, leading to decreased consumption of water. These two factors contribute to dehydration and an electrolyte balance, which typically manifest as general malaise and headache.
What disease does the human herpesvirus-1 cause?
  • Viruses depend on host cells for replication. The herpes zoster virus is a DNA virus. It enters the host cell by attaching to host cell receptors. Once inside, the virion is uncoated to release the DNA into the nucleus of the host cell. "Early" genes, typically used for viral replication, are transcribed using the host's RNA polymerase. Viral DNA is then replicated to produce multiple copies of the DNA. The remaining components of a virion are the produced via transcription and translation of "late" genes. Capsid proteins then migrate to the nucleus of the host cell. Maturation occurs when the capsid proteins and viral DNA combine to form a complete virus. The virions are then released from the host cell to go and infect new host cells. Image C diagrams the replication of papovavirus, a DNA virus similar to herpesvirus.
  • headachefevermuscle painAfter the person is exposed to the flu virus, there is a short incubation period—only about one day—before symptoms of infection appear. Influenza infection commonly causes muscle aches and headache. These are most likely due to the fever that is part of the normal immune response to infection. As fever raises the body temperature, cellular demand for water will increase. At the same time, the person's appetite and thirst are typically depressed, leading to decreased consumption of water. These two factors contribute to dehydration and an electrolyte balance, which typically manifest as general malaise and headache.
  • coronavirus Coronaviruses are not known to cause cancer. They are one cause of the common cold.
  • cold sores or fever blisters Cold sores or fever blisters are the painful, short-lived vesicles that form near the outer margins of the lips. It is transmitted via oral and respiratory routes. In the United States, a large percentage of the population is infected with this virus during infancy, when the virus is passed via respiratory droplets from family members. (Who can resist kissing a baby?)
Oncogenic viruses
  • cause tumors to develop.
  • Proteinaceous infectious particles
  • competitive inhibition
  • latent viruses.
Which statement concerning viral structure is true?
  • there are no animal reservoirs of the virus.
  • Antigenic shift can occur because the genome is in several pieces.
  • Penetration
  • Spikes are found on some viruses. They are very consistent in structure and can be used for identification.Some enveloped viruses have spikes, and they can be used for identification, such as the H and N spikes on the influenza virus.
Which virus is NOT associated with cancer?
  • The capsid breaks apart, releasing the viral genome.
  • Antigenic shift can occur because the genome is in several pieces.
  • Prions transform normal proteins into the misfolded beta-pleated sheet configuration; therefore, prions multiply by conversion.
  • coronavirus Coronaviruses are not known to cause cancer. They are one cause of the common cold.
Koplik spots are a diagnostic indicator of
  • False
  • Diarrhea
  • measles
  • Biosynthesis
Which statement regarding influenza (flu) is true?
  • The multimers are more stable and resistant to protease.
  • Antigenic shift can occur because the genome is in several pieces.
  • coronavirus Coronaviruses are not known to cause cancer. They are one cause of the common cold.
  • assisting in normal synaptic development and function.
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Multiple Choice Questions
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