Multiple Choice Questions

What direct effect do histamines and leukotrienes have on capillaries?
  • Bacteria are digested when the phagosome fuses with a lysosome
  • Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells
  • They allow capillary walls to open and become leaky
  • Their capsules make them "slippery" to phagocytes
Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT
  • they produce lysosome
  • Their capsules make them "slippery" to phagocytes
  • production of antibody.
  • inhibition of phagocytosis
Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE
  • Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells
  • Bacteria are digested when the phagosome fuses with a lysosome
  • Cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway
  • C3 is not involved in the classical pathway
Mucous membranes are a part of
  • Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity
  • complement
  • antibody synthesis
  • innate defense
Diapedesis is
  • the migration of phagocytes through blood vessels to the site of tissue damage
  • chemotaxis chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome
  • adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels.
  • trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract
Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with (getting to and getting hold of) microorganisms EXCEPT
  • lysosome
  • lysozyme
  • phagolysosome, lysosome
  • eosinophils
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen of humans. After being ingested by a macrophage, it prevents formation of the ___________ by preventing fusion of the phagosome with the ___________________.
  • production of antibody.
  • skin and mucous membranes
  • dilation of blood vessels
  • phagolysosome, lysosome
Which cells directly attack abnormal cells in the body?
  • complement
  • It acts as a signal that induces uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • cytotoxic t cells
Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production?
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells
  • Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity
  • Bacteria are digested when the phagosome fuses with a lysosome
You note that the body temperature of one of your patients is starting to increase. As a result, you can infer that all of the following may be occurring in this patient EXCEPT __________.
  • dilation of blood vessels
  • inhibition of phagocytosis
  • phagolysosome, lysosome
  • skin and mucous membranes
Which of the following statements is true
  • Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity
  • increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
  • Cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway
  • chemotaxis chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome
The function of the "ciliary escalator" is to
  • Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.
  • Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity
  • Bacteria are digested when the phagosome fuses with a lysosome
  • trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract
All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT
  • True
  • macrophages
  • fever
  • increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
Which of the following statements about beta interferons is true?
  • Bacteria are digested when the phagosome fuses with a lysosome
  • It acts as a signal that induces uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins
  • Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells
  • increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
The classical pathway of complement activation begins with binding of __________.
  • macrophages
  • an antibody
  • antibody synthesis
  • antigen-antibody reactions
What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell?
  • trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract
  • increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
  • It allows for an increased delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and phagocytes to the site of damage
  • An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells
The adaptive immune response, or third line of defense, is activated when the first and second lines of defense do not succeed in containing an infection. It is adaptive because the cells in this part of the immune system are capable of responding to specific pathogens. Another important feature of the third line is the ability of these cells to create memory cells. Why are memory cells an important product of an immune response?
  • trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucus and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract
  • It allows for an increased delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and phagocytes to the site of damage
  • Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.
  • Memory cells allow subsequent immune responses against the same antigen to occur more strongly and more quickly
A chill is a sign that
  • lysis of microbial cells
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • they develop from neutrophils
  • body temp is going up
Which microorganism requires the low pH inside a phagolysosome in order to reproduce?
  • T lymphocytes
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • eosinophils
  • antibody synthesis
A microbe has the ability to inhibit complement activation of inflammation, but it cannot inhibit complement activation of opsonization and cytolysis. Therefore, the microbe has produced inhibitors of which complement protein(s)?
  • digestion
  • dilation of blood vessels
  • C3a and C5a
  • skin and mucous membranes
Why is vasodilation important to tissue repair?
  • They allow capillary walls to open and become leaky
  • An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells
  • It allows for an increased delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and phagocytes to the site of damage
  • Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells
Which of the following defense systems would be involved in eliminating virally-infected cells?
  • macrophages
  • complement
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • T lymphocytes
Margination refers to
  • Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells
  • chemotaxis chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome
  • Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity
  • adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels.
In which intracellular compartment would you expect most of the digestive enzymes involved in pathogen destruction to be found?
  • False
  • T lymphocytes
  • lysosome
  • lysozyme
All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT
  • eosinophils
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • antibody synthesis
  • T lymphocytes
Which of the following is found normally in serum
  • complement
  • T lymphocytes
  • Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity
  • macrophages
Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT
  • is nonspecific and present at birth
  • inhibition of phagocytosis
  • production of antibody.
  • mannose on the surface of microbes
Inflammation is part of the second line of defense that is activated when the first line of defense is breached. Julie's first-line defenses were damaged when her injury occurred. Which of the following represents the first line of defense?
  • skin and mucous membranes
  • C3a and C5a
  • antigen-antibody reactions
  • phagolysosome, lysosome
Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?
  • increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
  • Cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway
  • Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity
  • chemotaxis chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome
Activation of C5-C9 results in
  • antigen-antibody reactions
  • body temp is going up
  • lysis of microbial cells
  • skin and mucous membranes
Which of the following microorganisms use M protein to avoid destruction of a phagocyte?
  • Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells
  • eosinophils
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • T lymphocytes
Which of the following can release histamines
  • increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
  • Cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway
  • Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity
  • chemotaxis chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome
The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by
  • antibody synthesis
  • increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
  • inhibition of phagocytosis
  • mannose on the surface of microbes
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Multiple Choice Questions
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