Multiple Choice Questions

What is the most important hormone for maintaining metabolism and body heat?
  • -thyroxine (thyroid hormone...tetraiodothyronine or T4)
  • -enter the target cell-interact with the nucleus
  • -10^-9 to 10^-12 molar
  • calcitonin - inhibits osteoblast activity
endocrine glands
  • -hormone that causes the muscle layer of the uterus (myometrium) to contract during childbirth
  • -to stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete more TSH
  • -tissues that have an epithelial origin-secrete hormones into the ECF
  • -reduction in the quantity of bone -decreased bone mass-increased susceptibility to fractures
Tropic hormones stimulate what?
  • both ACTH and CRH
  • follicle-stimulating hormone and calcitonin
  • -pituitary gland (hypophysis)
  • -secretion of other hormones
Where is thyroxine secreted?
  • osteopenia and osteoporosis
  • -thyroid gland (in the neck)
  • -pituitary gland (hypophysis)
  • -peptide-catecholamine
Cushing's syndrome
  • -decreased cortisol in the blood is caused by gradual destruction of the adrenal cortex and elevated ACTH levels-primary adrenal insufficiency
  • -if the increased cortisol in the blood is caused by an adrenal gland tumor-iatrogenic-"steroid diabetes": results in hyperglycemia
  • -hormone produced by the beta cells of the endocrine portion of the pancreas
  • -peptide hormone -counteracts development of osteoporosis -inhibits osteoclast activity-stimulates calcium uptake and deposition in long bones
Humans are what kind of organisms?
  • -steroid-thyroxine
  • -tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary
  • -peptide-catecholamine
  • -homeothermic
anabolism
  • -breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules via enzymatic reactions-breaking of chemical bonds releases energy that the cell can use
  • -quantitative measurement of the mineral content of bone-indicator of the structural strength of the bone-screen for osteoporosis
  • -building up of small molecules into larger molecules via enzymatic reactions-energy is stored in the chemical bonds when larger molecules are formed
  • -hormone that causes the muscle layer of the uterus (myometrium) to contract during childbirth
thyroidectomized rat
  • -rat whose pituitary gland has been surgically removed
  • -rat whose thyroid gland has been surgically removed
  • -drug that inhibits the production of thyroxine
  • -female body and homeostasis-stimulation of bone growth and protection against osteoporosis
homeothermic
  • -decreased cortisol in the blood is caused by gradual destruction of the adrenal cortex and elevated ACTH levels-primary adrenal insufficiency
  • -need to maintain a fixed body temperature to maintain the activity of the various metabolic pathways in the body
  • -quantitative measurement of the mineral content of bone-indicator of the structural strength of the bone-screen for osteoporosis
  • -hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose which is released back into the blood
physician-induced Cushing's syndrome
  • -metabolically active-more able to respond to a stimulus
  • -adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • -glucocorticoid hormones (prednisone) are administered to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, or lupus
  • -impairment or borderline impairment of insulin-mediated glucose uptake by cells
Cortisol is important in the body's response to what?
  • -stress
  • -kidneys
  • -oxytocin
  • oxytocin
osteoporosis T score
  • -adrenal cortex
  • +1 to -0.99
  • -2.5 and below
  • -hypothalamus
When the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin, what results?
  • -enlarges resulting in a goiter
  • -type 1 diabetes mellitus
  • -no, the activities are coordinated
  • -4 experiments-3 rats
Steroid hormones and thyroxine enter what and interact with what?
  • -enter the target cell-interact with the nucleus
  • the normal rat and the hypophysectomized
  • -thyroxine (thyroid hormone...tetraiodothyronine or T4)
  • -affect the transcription of various proteins that the cell can synthesize
osteopenia T score
  • -reduction in the quantity of bone -decreased bone mass-increased susceptibility to fractures
  • -posterior pituitary
  • -10^-9 to 10^-12 molar
  • -1.0 to -2.49
The TSH causes the thyroid gland to do what?
  • -chemical nature of the hormone-receptor location in the target cell
  • -increase in size-secrete thyroxine into the general circulation
  • when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes
  • -affect the transcription of various proteins that the cell can synthesize
Addison's disease
  • when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes
  • -decreased cortisol in the blood is caused by gradual destruction of the adrenal cortex and elevated ACTH levels-primary adrenal insufficiency
  • -reduction in the quantity of bone -decreased bone mass-increased susceptibility to fractures
  • -if the increased cortisol in the blood is caused by an adrenal gland tumor-iatrogenic-"steroid diabetes": results in hyperglycemia
normal T score
  • -a molecule of ATP
  • -10^-9 to 10^-12 molar
  • +1 to -0.99
  • -steroid hormone
What carries hormones to their target cells?
  • glycogen
  • -stress
  • -blood
  • -normal
How many experiments will you perform on how many rats?
  • patients 3 and 5
  • TSH - posterior pituitary
  • -4 experiments-3 rats
  • -posterior pituitary
What are the two forms of metabolism?
  • -anabolism-catabolism
  • -fuel for metabolism-stored as glycogen
  • -steroid-thyroxine
  • -to stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete more TSH
When circulation levels of thyroxine are low, what happens?
  • -hypothalamus secretes more TRH
  • -tropic hormones
  • -pituitary gland (hypophysis)
  • estrogen and calcitonin
The TRH stimulates what to produce what?
  • -metabolically active-more able to respond to a stimulus
  • -glucocorticoid hormones (prednisone) are administered to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, or lupus
  • -secretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland
  • -stimulates anterior pituitary-produces TSH which then stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxine
What is an example of a hormone being regulated by positive feedback?
  • -diabetes
  • -homeothermic
  • -loss of bone density (osteoporosis and bone fractures)
  • -oxytocin
hypercortisolism
  • -decreased cortisol in the blood is caused by gradual destruction of the adrenal cortex and elevated ACTH levels-primary adrenal insufficiency
  • -breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules via enzymatic reactions-breaking of chemical bonds releases energy that the cell can use
  • -adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • -increased cortisol in the blood
Insulin is vital to the regulation of what?
  • -to stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete more TSH
  • -plasma glucose levels or "blood sugar"
  • directly proportional to optical density
  • -adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
The increase in TSH further stimulates what?
  • -amount of oxygen the rate consumes per time per body mass
  • -very close to or very far from the source of the hormone
  • -secretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland
  • -thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
hypocortisolism
  • -increased cortisol in the blood
  • -decreased cortisol in the blood
  • -breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules via enzymatic reactions-breaking of chemical bonds releases energy that the cell can use
  • -building up of small molecules into larger molecules via enzymatic reactions-energy is stored in the chemical bonds when larger molecules are formed
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
  • -posterior pituitary
  • -anterior pituitary peptide hormone that stimulates ovarian follicle growth
  • -bind to high-affinity receptors-located on the target cell's surface, in its cytosol, or in its nucleus
secondary adrenal insufficiency
  • -influences hypothalamus-reduce production of TRH
  • -low levels of cortisol due to damage to the anterior pituitary-low levels of ACTH
  • -amount of oxygen the rate consumes per time per body mass
  • -secretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland
osteoporosis
  • -2.5 and below
  • -anterior pituitary peptide hormone that stimulates ovarian follicle growth
  • -reduction in the quantity of bone -decreased bone mass-increased susceptibility to fractures
  • -drug that inhibits the production of thyroxine
How does negative feedback impact hormones?
  • -female body and homeostasis-stimulation of bone growth and protection against osteoporosis
  • -affect the transcription of various proteins that the cell can synthesize
  • -stimulates anterior pituitary-produces TSH which then stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxine
  • -if the body needs a particular hormone, the hormone will be produced until there is too much of it-once there is too much of the hormone, its release will be inhibited
How does the TRH travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
  • -thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • -endocrine system-nervous system
  • -hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
  • calcitonin - inhibits osteoblast activity
When the pancreas produces sufficient insulin but the body fails to respond, what results?
  • -hypothalamus secretes more TRH
  • -type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • patients 3 and 5
  • -release of both ACTH and CRH
The hypothalamus primarily secretes what kind of hormones?
  • -tropic hormones
  • spectrophotometer
  • adrenal cortex
  • the normal rat
What is one of the effects and potential health problems of menopause?
  • -investigate the effects of thyroxine and TSH on a rat's metabolic rate
  • -affect the transcription of various proteins that the cell can synthesize
  • -loss of bone density (osteoporosis and bone fractures)
  • calcitonin - inhibits osteoblast activity
Ovarian follicles produce and secrete what?
  • -blood
  • -posterior pituitary
  • glucagon
  • -estrogen
The metabolic rate will be indicated by what?
  • -very close to or very far from the source of the hormone
  • -amount of oxygen the rate consumes per time per body mass
  • -metabolically active-more able to respond to a stimulus
  • -influences hypothalamus-reduce production of TRH
examples of slow-acting hormones
  • -tropic hormone from the hypothalamus
  • -10^-9 to 10^-12 molar
  • -ductless endocrine glands
  • -steroid-thyroxine
The physiological response to hormones can vary depending on what?
  • -chemical nature of the hormone-receptor location in the target cell
  • -stimulates anterior pituitary-produces TSH which then stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxine
  • -how it will interact with target cells
  • the normal rat and the hypophysectomized
catabolism
  • -breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules via enzymatic reactions-breaking of chemical bonds releases energy that the cell can use
  • -participant in thyroxine and TSH production-primary endocrine gland-secretes several hormones that affect the pituitary gland
  • -decreased cortisol in the blood is caused by gradual destruction of the adrenal cortex and elevated ACTH levels-primary adrenal insufficiency
  • -quantitative measurement of the mineral content of bone-indicator of the structural strength of the bone-screen for osteoporosis
examples of fast-acting hormones
  • -a molecule of ATP
  • -peptide-catecholamine
  • -steroid-thyroxine
  • -4 experiments-3 rats
A hormone-receptor complex can exert a biological action through what?
  • -signal-transduction cascades and alteration of gene transcription at the target cell
  • when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes
  • -influences hypothalamus-reduce production of TRH
  • -thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
FPG values less than 110 mg/dl is considered what?
  • -tropic hormones
  • -kidneys
  • -normal
  • the normal rat
Which two body systems coordinates and integrates the functions of different physiological systems?
  • anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
  • -endocrine system-nervous system
  • -hypothalamus secretes more TRH
  • -no, the activities are coordinated
Inability of body cells to take up glucose from the blood is also a result from what?
  • -hypercortisolism caused by an anterior pituitary tumor-increased levels of ACTH
  • -anabolism-catabolism
  • -skeletal muscle cells undergoing protein catabolism
  • -enter the target cell-interact with the nucleus
What does soda lime do?
  • -adrenal cortex
  • -C cells in the thyroid gland
  • -absorbs the carbon dioxide given off by the rat
  • slow-acting hormone that enters the nucleus
ACTH release is stimulated by what?
  • -tropic hormone from the hypothalamus
  • anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
  • -ductless endocrine glands
  • -corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
What is the range in the blood for hormone concentration?
  • -oxytocin
  • TSH - posterior pituitary
  • -thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • -10^-9 to 10^-12 molar
Positive or negative feedback is important in regulating hormone secretion, synthesis, and effectiveness at target cells?
  • -diabetes
  • patients 2 an 4
  • -secretion of other hormones
  • -negative feedback
The endocrine system plays a critical role in maintaining what?
  • -homeostasis
  • -tropic hormones
  • FSH - ovaries
  • adrenal cortex
Estrogen affects what?
  • -hormone that causes the muscle layer of the uterus (myometrium) to contract during childbirth
  • -tissues that have an epithelial origin-secrete hormones into the ECF
  • -bind to high-affinity receptors-located on the target cell's surface, in its cytosol, or in its nucleus
  • -female body and homeostasis-stimulation of bone growth and protection against osteoporosis
How much glucose consumed during a meal is stored as glycogen?
  • -oxytocin
  • -75%
  • -blood
  • patient 3
calcitonin
  • when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes
  • -hormone that causes the muscle layer of the uterus (myometrium) to contract during childbirth
  • -participant in thyroxine and TSH production-primary endocrine gland-secretes several hormones that affect the pituitary gland
  • -peptide hormone -counteracts development of osteoporosis -inhibits osteoclast activity-stimulates calcium uptake and deposition in long bones
FPG values between 110 and 126 mg/dl indicate what?
  • -investigate the effects of thyroxine and TSH on a rat's metabolic rate
  • -signal-transduction cascades and alteration of gene transcription at the target cell
  • -impairment or borderline impairment of insulin-mediated glucose uptake by cells
  • -anterior pituitary peptide hormone that stimulates ovarian follicle growth
propylthiouracil
  • -drug that inhibits the production of thyroxine
  • -tissues that have an epithelial origin-secrete hormones into the ECF
  • -secretion of other hormones
  • -enter the target cell-interact with the nucleus
When glucose levels in the plasma fall below a certain value, the alpha cells of the pancreas are stimulated to release what?
  • -oxytocin
  • glycogen
  • -negative feedback
  • -glucagon
The pituitary gland secretes what?
  • -to stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete more TSH
  • -thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • -steroid-thyroxine
  • the normal rat and the hypophysectomized
The increased levels of thyroxine influences what to do what?
  • -enter the target cell-interact with the nucleus
  • -influences hypothalamus-reduce production of TRH
  • -metabolically active-more able to respond to a stimulus
  • -chemical nature of the hormone-receptor location in the target cell
Hormones bind to what and where?
  • -bind to high-affinity receptors-located on the target cell's surface, in its cytosol, or in its nucleus
  • -low levels of cortisol due to damage to the anterior pituitary-low levels of ACTH
  • -TRH: stimulates the release of TSH from the pituitary gland-TSH: stimulates production of thyroxine-ACTH-CRH
  • -ductless endocrine glands
If TSH levels are too high, what happens to the thyroid gland?
  • -enlarges resulting in a goiter
  • the normal rat and the hypophysectomized
  • -hypothalamus secretes more TRH
  • -C cells in the thyroid gland
What are examples of tropic hormones?
  • -metabolically active-more able to respond to a stimulus
  • -TRH: stimulates the release of TSH from the pituitary gland-TSH: stimulates production of thyroxine-ACTH-CRH
  • -to stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete more TSH
  • -tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary
iatrogenic
  • -a molecule of ATP
  • -thyroid gland (in the neck)
  • -physician induced
  • -secretion of other hormones
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  • -tropic hormone from the hypothalamus
  • -amount of oxygen the rate consumes per time per body mass
  • -thyroid gland (in the neck)
  • -stop producing and secreting estrogen
oxytocin
  • -female body and homeostasis-stimulation of bone growth and protection against osteoporosis
  • -reduction in the quantity of bone -decreased bone mass-increased susceptibility to fractures
  • -quantitative measurement of the mineral content of bone-indicator of the structural strength of the bone-screen for osteoporosis
  • -hormone that causes the muscle layer of the uterus (myometrium) to contract during childbirth
What was the purpose of this physioex?
  • -very close to or very far from the source of the hormone
  • -tissues that have an epithelial origin-secrete hormones into the ECF
  • -investigate the effects of thyroxine and TSH on a rat's metabolic rate
  • -amount of oxygen the rate consumes per time per body mass
Where is TRH secreted from?
  • -posterior pituitary
  • -homeothermic
  • -steroid-thyroxine
  • -hypothalamus
ovariectomized rats
  • -rats that no longer produce estrogen because their ovaries were surgically removed
  • -drug that inhibits the production of thyroxine
  • -very close to or very far from the source of the hormone
  • -hormone that causes the muscle layer of the uterus (myometrium) to contract during childbirth
The production of thyroxine is controlled by what?
  • -secretion of other hormones
  • -how it will interact with target cells
  • -pituitary gland (hypophysis)
  • the normal rat and the hypophysectomized
What secretes cortisol?
  • -2.5 and below
  • adrenal cortex
  • patients 2 and 5
  • -adrenal cortex
Peptide and catecholamine attach to what and cause what?
  • -TRH: stimulates the release of TSH from the pituitary gland-TSH: stimulates production of thyroxine-ACTH-CRH
  • -affect the transcription of various proteins that the cell can synthesize
  • -attach to a plasma-membrane receptor-causes a second-messenger cascade in the cytoplasm of the target cell
  • -impairment or borderline impairment of insulin-mediated glucose uptake by cells
hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
  • -specialized arrangement of blood vessels that consists of a single portal vein that connects two capillary beds-transports many hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
  • -female body and homeostasis-stimulation of bone growth and protection against osteoporosis
  • -decreased cortisol in the blood is caused by gradual destruction of the adrenal cortex and elevated ACTH levels-primary adrenal insufficiency
  • -participant in thyroxine and TSH production-primary endocrine gland-secretes several hormones that affect the pituitary gland
Glucose absorbed from the blood is used for what?
  • -muscle and liver cells
  • -adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • -fuel for metabolism-stored as glycogen
  • glycogen
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Multiple Choice Questions
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