hypoxia
  • Intrapulmonary pressure, pressure in the alveoli. rises and falls with the phases of breathing but it always equalizes with the atmospheric pressure
  • intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure
  • Hb-O2 bond weakens oxygen unloading where needed most
  • inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues
alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)
  • difference between the intrapulmonary and the intrapleural pressures (Ppul-Pip) that keeps the lungs from collapsing the size of the transpulmonary pressure determines the size of the lungs at any time
  • amount of gas expelled when a subject takes a deep breath and then forcefully exhales maximally and as rapidly as possible
  • takes into account the volume of air wasted in the dead space and measures the flow of fresh gases in and out of the alveoli during a particular time interval AVR= frequency * (TV-dead space)
  • inspired air that fills the conducting respiratory passageways and never contributes to gas exchange in the alveoli. takes up about 150 ml
Atelectasis
  • sum of nonuseful volumes, combined alveolar and anatomical dead spaces
  • sum of all lung volumes and is normally around 6000 ml
  • lung collapse occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged
  • Air in lungs that keeps them from collapsing- 1200 ml
Henry's Law
  • Gas mixtures in contact with liquidEach gas dissolves in proportion to its partial pressureAt equilibrium, partial pressures in two phases will be equalAmount of each gas that will dissolve depends on Solubility-CO2 20 times more soluble in water than O2; little N2 dissolves in waterTemperature-as temperature rises, solubility decreases
  • relationship between the pressure and the volume of a gas. the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume P1V1= P2V2
  • Total pressure exerted by mixture of gases = sum of pressures exerted by each gas
  • resists changes in blood pHIf H+ concentration in blood rises, excess H+ is removed by combining with HCO3- H2CO3If H+ concentration begins to drop, H2CO3 dissociates, releasing H+HCO3- is alkaline reserve of carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Resistrictive diseases
  • inspired air that fills the conducting respiratory passageways and never contributes to gas exchange in the alveoli. takes up about 150 ml
  • reduced lung capacity (Tb or fibrosis). VC, TLC, FRC, RV decline because lung expansion is limited
  • produced by reflex activity, processes other than breathing move air into and out of lungs. Coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, yawning
  • reduced artieral Po2. causes include disordered or abnormal ventilation perfusion coupling, pulmonary diseases
physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation
  • amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3200 ml)
  • airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance
  • intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure
  • total amount of exchangeable air. Sum of TV, IRV, ERV, It is about 4800 ml
carbon monoxide poisoning
  • takes into account the volume of air wasted in the dead space and measures the flow of fresh gases in and out of the alveoli during a particular time interval AVR= frequency * (TV-dead space)
  • CO is odorless, colorless gas that competes with O2 for heme binding sites. CO is a highly successful competitor. victim is confused with a throbbing headache
  • during abdominal straining the glottis closes to prevent exhalation and the abdominal muscles contract, causing the intra abdominal pressure to rise. - defecation
  • amount of gas expelled when a subject takes a deep breath and then forcefully exhales maximally and as rapidly as possible
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?
  • Amount of air hat can be expellled from the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration (1000-1200ml)
  • increased airway resistance (chronic bronchitis). TLC, FRC, RV may increase because the lungs hyperinflate
  • Matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
  • amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration and is the combined RB and ERV. 2400
Sequence of expiration
  • 1. inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends; rib cage rises)2. thoracic cavity volume increases3. lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases4. intrapulmonary pressure drops (to -1mmHg)5. Air (gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atm pressure)
  • 1. inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm rises, rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages)2. thoracic cavity volume decreases3. elastic lungs recoil passively, intrapulmonary volume decreases4. intrapulmonary pressure rises to +1 mm Hg5. Air (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
  • molecules of the liquid are more strongly attracted to each otehr than to the gas molecules, this unequal attraction produces a state of tension at the liquid surface called surface tension that 1)draws the liquid molecules closer together and reduces their contact with the dissimilar gas molecules and 2) resists any force that tends to increase the surface area of the liquid
  • active process profuced by contracting abdominal muscles, primarily the oblique and transverse these contractions 1) increase the intra abdominal pressure, which forces the abdominal organs sup against the diaphragm 2) depress the rib cageinternal intercostal muscles also help depress the rib cage and decrease thoracic volume
Boyles Law
  • inspired air that fills the conducting respiratory passageways and never contributes to gas exchange in the alveoli. takes up about 150 ml
  • amount of gas expelled when a subject takes a deep breath and then forcefully exhales maximally and as rapidly as possible
  • relationship between the pressure and the volume of a gas. the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume P1V1= P2V2
  • resists changes in blood pHIf H+ concentration in blood rises, excess H+ is removed by combining with HCO3- H2CO3If H+ concentration begins to drop, H2CO3 dissociates, releasing H+HCO3- is alkaline reserve of carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
alveolar surface tension
  • takes into account the volume of air wasted in the dead space and measures the flow of fresh gases in and out of the alveoli during a particular time interval AVR= frequency * (TV-dead space)
  • molecules of the liquid are more strongly attracted to each otehr than to the gas molecules, this unequal attraction produces a state of tension at the liquid surface called surface tension that 1)draws the liquid molecules closer together and reduces their contact with the dissimilar gas molecules and 2) resists any force that tends to increase the surface area of the liquid
  • nonelastic source of Resistance to gas flow is friction, or drag, encountered in the respiratory passageways gas flow= pressure / resistance the amount of gas flowing into and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the pressure, the difference in pressure or pressure gradient gas flow changes inversely with resisteance, gas flow decreases as resistance increasesairway resistance is insignificant for two reasons- airway diameters in the first part of the conducting zone are huge, and as the airways get progressively small, there are progressively more branches and the total cross section is hugethe greatest resistance to gas flow occurs in the medium sized bronchi
  • 1. inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends; rib cage rises)2. thoracic cavity volume increases3. lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases4. intrapulmonary pressure drops (to -1mmHg)5. Air (gases) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atm pressure)
Total Lung Capacity
  • sum of nonuseful volumes, combined alveolar and anatomical dead spaces
  • total amount of exchangeable air. Sum of TV, IRV, ERV, It is about 4800 ml
  • sum of all lung volumes and is normally around 6000 ml
  • Air in lungs that keeps them from collapsing- 1200 ml
Ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia
  • reduced artieral Po2. causes include disordered or abnormal ventilation perfusion coupling, pulmonary diseases
  • impaired or blocked blood circulation. congestive heart failure may cause bodywide ischemic hypoxia
  • produced by reflex activity, processes other than breathing move air into and out of lungs. Coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, yawning
  • reduced lung capacity (Tb or fibrosis). VC, TLC, FRC, RV decline because lung expansion is limited
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
  • amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3200 ml)
  • produced by reflex activity, processes other than breathing move air into and out of lungs. Coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, yawning
  • amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC test
  • impaired or blocked blood circulation. congestive heart failure may cause bodywide ischemic hypoxia
Pulmonary Ventilation- Inspiration
  • amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration and is the combined RB and ERV. 2400
  • as the thoracic dimensions increase during inspiration, the lungs are stretched and the intrapulmonary volume increases and as a result Ppul drops about 1 mmHg relative to Patm. anytime the intrapulmonary pressure is less than the atm pressure (Ppul
  • takes into account the volume of air wasted in the dead space and measures the flow of fresh gases in and out of the alveoli during a particular time interval AVR= frequency * (TV-dead space)
  • passive process that depends more on lung elasticity than on muscle contraction. rib cage descends and the lungs recoile and as a result, both the thoracic and intrapulmonary volumes decrease. this decrease compresses the alveoli, and Ppul rises to about 1 mmHg above atm pressure. when Ppul> Patm the pressure gradient forces gases to flow out of the lungs
Tidal Volume (TV)
  • during normal quiet breathing, about 500 ml
  • Hb-O2 bond weakens oxygen unloading where needed most
  • lung collapse occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged
  • Air in lungs that keeps them from collapsing- 1200 ml
What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called?
  • airway resistance, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance
  • partial pressure of oxygen in the air
  • Vital Capacity
  • partial pressure of oxygen
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
  • Gas mixtures in contact with liquidEach gas dissolves in proportion to its partial pressureAt equilibrium, partial pressures in two phases will be equalAmount of each gas that will dissolve depends on Solubility-CO2 20 times more soluble in water than O2; little N2 dissolves in waterTemperature-as temperature rises, solubility decreases
  • Total pressure exerted by mixture of gases = sum of pressures exerted by each gas
  • resists changes in blood pHIf H+ concentration in blood rises, excess H+ is removed by combining with HCO3- H2CO3If H+ concentration begins to drop, H2CO3 dissociates, releasing H+HCO3- is alkaline reserve of carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
  • relationship between the pressure and the volume of a gas. the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume P1V1= P2V2
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
  • Amount of air hat can be expellled from the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration (1000-1200ml)
  • amount of gas expelled when a subject takes a deep breath and then forcefully exhales maximally and as rapidly as possible
  • amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration and is the combined RB and ERV. 2400
  • increased airway resistance (chronic bronchitis). TLC, FRC, RV may increase because the lungs hyperinflate
Partial Pressure
  • reduced lung capacity (Tb or fibrosis). VC, TLC, FRC, RV decline because lung expansion is limited
  • Pressure exerted by each gas in mixtureDirectly proportional to its percentage in mixture
  • presence of air in the pleural cavity, reversed by drawing air out of the intraplural space with chest tubes
  • total amount of gas that flows into or out of threpiratory tract in 1 minute. about 6L/min
histotoxic hypoxia
  • poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or form RBCs that contain abnormal or too little Hb
  • body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered. metabolic poisons like cyanide cause this
  • reduced artieral Po2. causes include disordered or abnormal ventilation perfusion coupling, pulmonary diseases
  • reduced lung capacity (Tb or fibrosis). VC, TLC, FRC, RV decline because lung expansion is limited
minute ventilation
  • total amount of gas that flows into or out of threpiratory tract in 1 minute. about 6L/min
  • reduced lung capacity (Tb or fibrosis). VC, TLC, FRC, RV decline because lung expansion is limited
  • amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC test
  • Matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
Forced Vital capacity (FVC)
  • amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3200 ml)
  • amount of gas expelled when a subject takes a deep breath and then forcefully exhales maximally and as rapidly as possible
  • CO is odorless, colorless gas that competes with O2 for heme binding sites. CO is a highly successful competitor. victim is confused with a throbbing headache
  • impaired or blocked blood circulation. congestive heart failure may cause bodywide ischemic hypoxia
Bohr effect
  • lung collapse occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged
  • during normal quiet breathing, about 500 ml
  • total amount of exchangeable air. Sum of TV, IRV, ERV, It is about 4800 ml
  • Hb-O2 bond weakens oxygen unloading where needed most
airway resistance
  • Action of the diaphragm- when the diaphragm contacts it moves inferiorly and flattens out and as a result the sup inf dimension (height) of the thoracic cavity increases action of the intercostals- when the external intercostal muscles contract, the lift the rib cage and pull the sternum sup. when the ribs are raised and drawn together, the swing outward. much like a bucket handle is raised, moves outward as it moves upward
  • total amount of gas that flows into or out of threpiratory tract in 1 minute. about 6L/min
  • Pressure exerted by each gas in mixtureDirectly proportional to its percentage in mixture
  • nonelastic source of Resistance to gas flow is friction, or drag, encountered in the respiratory passageways gas flow= pressure / resistance the amount of gas flowing into and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the pressure, the difference in pressure or pressure gradient gas flow changes inversely with resisteance, gas flow decreases as resistance increasesairway resistance is insignificant for two reasons- airway diameters in the first part of the conducting zone are huge, and as the airways get progressively small, there are progressively more branches and the total cross section is hugethe greatest resistance to gas flow occurs in the medium sized bronchi
total dead space
  • Hb-O2 bond weakens oxygen unloading where needed most
  • sum of nonuseful volumes, combined alveolar and anatomical dead spaces
  • lung collapse occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged
  • sum of all lung volumes and is normally around 6000 ml
hypoxemic hypoxia
  • reduced lung capacity (Tb or fibrosis). VC, TLC, FRC, RV decline because lung expansion is limited
  • poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or form RBCs that contain abnormal or too little Hb
  • body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered. metabolic poisons like cyanide cause this
  • reduced artieral Po2. causes include disordered or abnormal ventilation perfusion coupling, pulmonary diseases
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
  • Gas mixtures in contact with liquidEach gas dissolves in proportion to its partial pressureAt equilibrium, partial pressures in two phases will be equalAmount of each gas that will dissolve depends on Solubility-CO2 20 times more soluble in water than O2; little N2 dissolves in waterTemperature-as temperature rises, solubility decreases
  • relationship between the pressure and the volume of a gas. the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume P1V1= P2V2
  • resists changes in blood pHIf H+ concentration in blood rises, excess H+ is removed by combining with HCO3- H2CO3If H+ concentration begins to drop, H2CO3 dissociates, releasing H+HCO3- is alkaline reserve of carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
  • Total pressure exerted by mixture of gases = sum of pressures exerted by each gas
Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
  • total amount of exchangeable air. Sum of TV, IRV, ERV, It is about 4800 ml
  • amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3200 ml)
  • produced by reflex activity, processes other than breathing move air into and out of lungs. Coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccups, yawning
  • amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC test
Valsavas maneuver
  • during normal quiet breathing, about 500 ml
  • reduced artieral Po2. causes include disordered or abnormal ventilation perfusion coupling, pulmonary diseases
  • CO is odorless, colorless gas that competes with O2 for heme binding sites. CO is a highly successful competitor. victim is confused with a throbbing headache
  • during abdominal straining the glottis closes to prevent exhalation and the abdominal muscles contract, causing the intra abdominal pressure to rise. - defecation
What causes the negative intrapleural pressure?
  • two forces act to pull the lungs (visceral pleura) away from the thorax wall (parietal pleura) and cause the lungs to collapse :the lungs' natural tendency to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid both of thesse are opposed by the natural elasticity of the chest wall, a force that tends to pull the thorax outward and enlarge the lungs
  • Gas mixtures in contact with liquidEach gas dissolves in proportion to its partial pressureAt equilibrium, partial pressures in two phases will be equalAmount of each gas that will dissolve depends on Solubility-CO2 20 times more soluble in water than O2; little N2 dissolves in waterTemperature-as temperature rises, solubility decreases
  • relationship between the pressure and the volume of a gas. the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume P1V1= P2V2
  • molecules of the liquid are more strongly attracted to each otehr than to the gas molecules, this unequal attraction produces a state of tension at the liquid surface called surface tension that 1)draws the liquid molecules closer together and reduces their contact with the dissimilar gas molecules and 2) resists any force that tends to increase the surface area of the liquid
the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing
  • Transpulmonary pressure
  • partial pressure of oxygen
  • arterial blood carbon dioxide level
  • Vital Capacity
Residual Volume (RV)
  • sum of all lung volumes and is normally around 6000 ml
  • total amount of gas that flows into or out of threpiratory tract in 1 minute. about 6L/min
  • inspired air that fills the conducting respiratory passageways and never contributes to gas exchange in the alveoli. takes up about 150 ml
  • Air in lungs that keeps them from collapsing- 1200 ml
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