Multiple Choice Questions

Which of the following situations should produce the greatest congnitive dissonance?
  • A student volunteers to debate an issue, taking the side he personally disagrees with
  • Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process
  • The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts
  • Whether an individual's behavior will be observed by others in the group
People with power and status may become prejudiced because
  • think about, influence, and relate to
  • Reported mor positive feelings toward the woman
  • They tend to justify the social inequalities between themselves and others
  • Attitudes predict behavior under certain conditions
Which of the following individuals most clearly adheres to a stereotype?A) Cyril, who never hires people over age 50 to work in his restaurantB) Vladimir, who is especially attracted to Latin-American womenC) Peter, who feels very uncomfortable interacting with African-AmericansD) Robin, who is convinced that college professors are usually impractical and forgetful
  • C) aggression.
  • C) even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
  • A) frustration-aggression principle.
  • D) Robin, who is convinced that college professors are usually impractical and forgetful
Opinion change resulting from incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates
  • Different from one another; similar to one another
  • Running quickly around a track
  • Leads to all of these behaviors
  • peripheral route persuasion.
Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines:A) only when members of the group were of high status.B) only when the group was composed of at least six members.C) even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.D) even when the group seemed uncertain and repeatedly altered its judgment.
  • Jake, who is White, gives higher evaluations to essays he believes to be written by Blacks than to Whit-authored essays
  • Group polarization
  • Complied with all the demands of the experiment
  • C) even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
We tend to preceive the members of an ingroup as_____ and the members of an out group as_____.
  • All of theses conditions increased conformity
  • Decrease the likelihood that anyone will help
  • Have the groups work on a superordinate goal
  • Different from one another; similar to one another
According to cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance is most likely to occur when
  • Consumption of alcohol and injections of testosterone both promote aggressive behavior
  • An individual does something that is personally disagreeable
  • Companionate; there is equity between the partners
  • Birds of a feather flock together
Opening her mail, Joan dicovers a romantic greeting card from her boyfriend. According to the two-factor theory, she is likely to feel the most intense romantic feelings if, prior to reading the card, she has just
  • peripheral route persuasion.
  • Increased self-awareness
  • Normative social influence
  • Completed her daily run
Research has found that for a minority to succeed in swaying a majority, the minority must
  • peripheral route persuasion.
  • They see another subject disobey instructions
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
  • Be able to convince a key majority leader
When male students in an experiment were told that a woman to whom they would be speaking had been instructed to act in a friendly or unfriendly way, most of them subsequently attributed her behavior to
  • Their physical attractiveness
  • her personal disposition
  • The frustration-aggression principle
  • "learner"; experimenter
Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of:A) the mere exposure effect.B) deindividuation.C) social facilitation.D) group polarization.E) the fundamental attribution error.
  • A) frustration-aggression principle.
  • Complied with all the demands of the experiment
  • D) group polarization.
  • C) even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
Having observed participants in his simulated prison study, Philip Zimbardo offered an explanation for the destructive behavior of U.S. military guards at Iraq's Abu Ghraib Prison. Zimbardo's explanation best exemplified
  • Normative social influence
  • a situational attribution.
  • he amount of shock the victim actually received.
  • her personal disposition
Which of the following conclusions did Milgram derive from his studies of obedience?
  • A student volunteers to debate an issue, taking the side he personally disagrees with
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
  • Whether an individual's behavior will be observed by others in the group
  • Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process
Summarizing his report on the biology of aggression, Sam notes that
  • Hormones and alcohol influence the neural systems that control aggression
  • D) group polarization.
  • A group that is like-minded will probably not change its apinions through discussion
  • C) even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
  • peripheral route persuasion.
  • Prejudice is best defined as
  • C) even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
  • Normative social influence
individuals share a similar opinion.
  • Group polarization is evident
  • Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which
  • Attitudes predict behavior under certain conditions
  • Social loafing is MOST likely to occur among
even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
  • The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of
  • An ingroup bias
  • Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process
  • Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines
Which of the following strategies would be most likely to foster positive feelings between tow conflicting groups?
  • Situational and personal influences interact in determining our behavior
  • Have the groups work on a superordinate goal
  • It varies too much to be instinctive in humans
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally disapprove.
  • We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel
  • Leads to all of these behaviors
  • Situational and personal influences interact in determining our behavior
  • Decrease the likelihood that anyone will help
Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?A) "We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue."B) "Do any of you see any potential problem with our group's position?"C) "As a group, we have to think carefully about all the pros and cons surrounding this issue."D) "In order to proceed democratically, we need to know the honest opinions of all group members."
  • B) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
  • A) "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress.
  • A) "We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our discussion of this issue."
  • Whether an individual's behavior will be observed by others in the group
According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that
  • even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.
  • Consumption of alcohol and injections of testosterone both promote aggressive behavior
  • he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.
  • Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process
A social trap is a situation in which:A) false stereotypes influence how people interpret the behavior of others.B) the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.C) all people in a conflict situation suffer, no matter how cooperatively they behave.D) the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm.E) there are not enough resources to satisfy the needs of all members of a social group.
  • D) the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm.
  • B) inequitable.
  • the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher."
  • B) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
Most people prefer mirror-image photographs of their faces. This is best explained by
  • The mere exposure effect
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
  • the chameleon effect.
  • visual perception.
The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain:A) passionate love.B) social facilitation.C) the just-world phenomenon.D) the bystander effect.E) the mere exposure effect.
  • A) passionate love.
  • social facilitation
  • A) social psychology
  • E) a social trap.
Maria recently heard a speech calling for a ban on aerosol sprays that endanger the earth's ozone layer. Maria's subsequent decision to stop using aerosal sprays is an example of
  • Normative social influence
  • normative social influence.
  • Birds of a feather flock together
  • Informational social influence
Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?A) social psychologyB) experimental psychologyC) developmental psychologyD) clinical psychologyE) personality psychology
  • actions on attitudes.
  • A) dispositions; situations
  • social facilitation
  • A) social psychology
Which of the following phenomena is best explained by cognitive dissonance theory?
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
  • the chameleon effect.
  • oot-in-the-door phenomenon.
  • They see another subject disobey instructions
The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the:A) fundamental attribution error.B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.C) mere exposure effect.D) frustration-aggression principle.E) bystander effect.
  • B) the just-world phenomenon.
  • oot-in-the-door phenomenon.
  • A) normative social influence.
  • B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
In the years immediately following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed diminishing racial prejudice. According to the text author, this best illustrated the impact of
  • D) social facilitation.
  • C) any of the above criteria.
  • Being in a good mood
  • actions on attitudes.
Which of the following best summarizes the relative importance of personal control and social control of our behavior?
  • It varies too much to be instinctive in humans
  • Situational and personal influences interact in determining our behavior
  • Crowding usually weakes the intensity of people's reactions
  • Whether an individual's behavior will be observed by others in the group
Jane and Sandy were best friends in their first year of university. Jane joined a sorority; Sandy didn't. By the end of their last year, they found that they had less in common with each other than the other members of their respective circles of friends. Which of the following phenomena most likely explains their feelings?
  • A) conciliation.
  • A group that is like-minded will probably not change its apinions through discussion
  • Group polarization
  • Just-world phenomenon
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when:A) the "learner" was in another room where his physical well-being couldn't be observed by the "teacher."B) the "teacher" was instructed to administer the learning test and someone else was asked to shock the "learner."C) the "learner" complained of a slight heart condition just before the experiment began.D) the "learner" screamed as the shocks became more punishing.E) the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.
  • A) their limited feelings of responsibility.
  • complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock.
  • The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts
  • E) the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.
Violent criminals often have diminished activity in the____of the brain, which play(s) an important role in_____.
  • Leads to all of these behaviors
  • informational social influence.
  • Informational social influence
  • Front lobes; controlling impulses
Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as
  • It varies too much to be instinctive in humans
  • the chameleon effect.
  • The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts
  • E) a social trap.
Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which
  • he amount of shock the victim actually received.
  • individuals share a similar opinion.
  • Birds of a feather flock together
  • is intended to hurt another person
The phenomenon in which individuals lose their identity and relinquish normal restraints when they are part of a group is called
  • Deindividuation
  • Being in a good mood
  • a dispositional attribution.
  • attribution theory.
After waiting in line for an hour to buy concert tickets, Teresa is told that the concert is sold out. In her anger she pounds her fist on the ticket counter frightening the clerk. Teresa's behavior is best explained by
  • The fundamental attribution error
  • the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
  • The frustration-aggression principle
  • Their physical attractiveness
An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of:A) the bystander effect.B) the just-world phenomenon.C) the mere exposure effect.D) deindividuation.E) ingroup bias.
  • B) the just-world phenomenon.
  • B) decreased; decreased
  • A) normative social influence.
  • E) an instinctive behavior.
Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of:A) social facilitation.B) conformity.C) aggression.D) group polarization.
  • Complied with all the demands of the experiment
  • An ingroup bias
  • Testosterone
  • C) aggression.
Mr. and Mrs. Samuels are constantly fighting, and each perceives the other as hard-headed and insesitive. Their conflict is being fueled by
  • students were unmotivated
  • Their physical attractiveness
  • Front lobes; controlling impulses
  • Mirrior-image perceptions
the teachers were more obedient than most people would have predicted.
  • Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because
  • May produce all of these effects
  • The board members are already aware that Jose and the student body disagree with them on these issues
  • After agreeing to wear a small "Enforce Recycling" lapel pin, a women agrees to collect signatures on a petition to make recycling required by law
We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. This illustrates
  • The mere exposure effect
  • Different from one another; similar to one another
  • think about, influence, and relate to
  • the chameleon effect.
Jose is the one student member on his school's board of trustees. At the board's first meeting, Jose wants to disagree with the others on several issues but in each case decides to say nothing. Studies on conformity suggest all expcept one of the following factors in Jose's not speaking up. Which one is not a factor?
  • E) the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.
  • The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts
  • The board members are already aware that Jose and the student body disagree with them on these issues
  • D) the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm.
On the basis of what Americans say, in the last half-century, prejudice toward women has ________ and prejudice toward African-Americans has ________.A) increased; decreasedB) decreased; decreasedC) increased; increasedD) decreased; increased
  • Increased self-awareness
  • B) decreased; decreased
  • Completed her daily run
  • C) any of the above criteria.
Research studies have found a positive correlation between aggressive tendencies in animals and levels of the hormone
  • a situational attribution.
  • Leads to all of these behaviors
  • Increased by exposure to pornography
  • Testosterone
In Milgram's first study of obedience, the majority of "teachers" who were ordered to shock a "learner"
  • Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to
  • A student volunteers to debate an issue, taking the side he personally disagrees with
  • complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock.
  • Be able to convince a key majority leader
Caitlin concluded that her husband was late for dinner because he was caught in heavy traffic. Her conclusion best illustrates
  • C) cognitive dissonance.
  • Leads to all of these behaviors
  • a situational attribution.
  • Their physical attractiveness
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when
  • The board members are already aware that Jose and the student body disagree with them on these issues
  • the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.
  • the fundamental attribution error.
  • Consumption of alcohol and injections of testosterone both promote aggressive behavior
After a light turns green, drivers take about 15 percent less time to travel the first 100 yards when another car is beside them at the intersection than when they are alone. This best illustrates
  • social facilitation
  • personality traits.
  • A) social psychology
  • actions on attitudes.
Most researchers agree that
  • The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
  • Decrease the likelihood that anyone will help
  • Be able to convince a key majority leader
  • Media violence is a factor in aggression
Aggression is defined as behavior that
  • It varies too much to be instinctive in humans
  • is intended to hurt another person
  • the fundamental attribution error.
  • he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.
Which of the following is true about aggression?
  • Be able to convince a key majority leader
  • A student volunteers to debate an issue, taking the side he personally disagrees with
  • The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts
  • It varies too much to be instinctive in humans
Deindividuation refers to:A) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior.B) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.C) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group.D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.E) the failure to give aid in an emergency situation observed by many onlookers.
  • The board members are already aware that Jose and the student body disagree with them on these issues
  • A) is specifically relevant to the behavior.
  • They tend to justify the social inequalities between themselves and others
  • B) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the:A) "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress.B) "teachers" actually seemed to enjoy shocking the "learners."C) "learners" received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems.D) experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research.
  • A) "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress.
  • A) normative social influence.
  • "Young people today have no sense of responsibility."
  • C) assume personal responsibility for helping the victim.
Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be:A) convinced that the death penalty should be retained.B) in favor of a more moderate position on the issue.C) even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished.D) sharply divided over whether the death penalty should be abolished.
  • deindividuation.
  • Complied with all the demands of the experiment
  • C) even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished.
  • C) aggression.
comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.
  • The frustration-aggression principle
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to
  • Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process
  • the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.
Subjects in Asch's line-judgment experiment conformed to the group standard when their judgments were observed by others but not when they were made in private. This tendancy to conform in public demonstrates
  • Increased self-awareness
  • students were unmotivated
  • Informational social influence
  • Normative social influence
Having read the chapter, which of the following is best borne out by research on attraction?
  • Birds of a feather flock together
  • Have the groups work on a superordinate goal
  • did not regret taking part in the experiment.
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Professor Washington's students did very poorly on the last exam. The tendancy to make the fundamental attribution error might lead her to conclude that the class did poorly because
  • Mirrior-image perceptions
  • students were unmotivated
  • "learner"; experimenter
  • Informational social influence
The mere exposure effect demonstrates that
  • May produce all of these effects
  • Familiarity breeds fondness
  • peripheral route persuasion.
  • the chameleon effect.
cognitive dissonance.
  • Attitudes predict behavior under certain conditions
  • Crowding usually weakes the intensity of people's reactions
  • the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.
  • The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
Students at State University are convinced that their school is better than any other; this most directly illustrates
  • Jake, who is White, gives higher evaluations to essays he believes to be written by Blacks than to Whit-authored essays
  • individuals share a similar opinion.
  • An ingroup bias
  • Group polarization is evident
Alexsis believes that all male athletes are self-centered and sexist. Her beliefs are an example of
  • informational social influence.
  • "learner"; experimenter
  • Stereotypes
  • We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel
Before she gave a class presentation favoring gun control legislation, Wanda opposed it. Her present attitude favoring such legislation can best be explained by
  • even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished.
  • group polarization.
  • informational social influence.
  • Congnitive dissonance theory
When the participants in Milgram's study were later surveyed about taking part in the research, most reported that they
  • think about, influence, and relate to
  • did not regret taking part in the experiment.
  • political conservatives; political liberals
  • Birds of a feather flock together
Which of the following is important in promoting conformity in individuals?
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
  • Whether an individual's behavior will be observed by others in the group
  • It varies too much to be instinctive in humans
  • The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts
even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.
  • C) aggression.
  • According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that
  • Complied with the experiment until the "learner" first indicated pain
  • Social loafing is MOST likely to occur among
The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.
  • think about, influence, and relate to
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
  • The fundamental attribution error
  • the chameleon effect.
Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of
  • oot-in-the-door phenomenon.
  • a dispositional attribution.
  • The fundamental attribution error
  • Their physical attractiveness
Research studies have shown that frequent exposure to sexually explicit films
  • Social facilitation refers to the tendency to
  • Be able to convince a key majority leader
  • May produce all of these effects
  • Running quickly around a track
Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming is fueled by:A) the bystander effect.B) deindividuation.C) hindsight bias.D) the mere exposure effect.E) the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon.
  • B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
  • B) inequitable.
  • C) hindsight bias.
  • D) cognitive dissonance
teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.
  • The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to
  • They tend to justify the social inequalities between themselves and others
  • The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts
After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the:A) frustration-aggression principle.B) fundamental attribution error.C) mere exposure effect.D) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.E) bystander effect.
  • Hormones and alcohol influence the neural systems that control aggression
  • A) informational social influence.
  • Jake, who is White, gives higher evaluations to essays he believes to be written by Blacks than to Whit-authored essays
  • A) frustration-aggression principle.
Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among ________ in cultures that value ________.A) men; collectivismB) women; collectivismC) men; individualismD) women; individualism
  • C) cognitive dissonance.
  • B) the just-world phenomenon.
  • B) decreased; decreased
  • C) men; individualism
Research studies have idicated that the tendancy of viewers to misperceive normal sexuality, devalue their partners, and trivialize rape is
  • Front lobes; controlling impulses
  • Their physical attractiveness
  • Increased by exposure to pornography
  • normative social influence.
The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as a(n)
  • Deindividuation
  • simple
  • Front lobes; controlling impulses
  • role.
In one experiment, college men were physically aroused and then introduced to an attractive woman. Compared with men who had not been aroused, these men
  • "Young people today have no sense of responsibility."
  • Reported mor positive feelings toward the woman
  • Have the groups work on a superordinate goal
  • Decrease the likelihood that anyone will help
Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of:A) deindividuation on the fundamental attribution error.B) frustration on aggression.C) team membership on social loafing.D) groupthink on social conflict.E) role-playing on attitudes.
  • C) emergency is being observed by a number of other people.
  • B) decreased; decreased
  • E) role-playing on attitudes.
  • A) arousal encourages performance of the most likely response.
The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genovese murder is that they failed to:A) do any of the above.B) experience any empathy for a stranger.C) assume personal responsibility for helping the victim.D) realize that the incident was really an emergency situation.E) notice that the incident was taking place.
  • C) assume personal responsibility for helping the victim.
  • "Young people today have no sense of responsibility."
  • A) the fundamental attribution error.
  • D) social facilitation.
Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of:A) normative social influence.B) the mere exposure effect.C) social facilitation.D) the reciprocity norm.E) informational social influence.
  • B) decreased; decreased
  • E) role-playing on attitudes.
  • B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
  • A) normative social influence.
Which of the following is true?
  • Attitudes predict behavior under certain conditions
  • Running quickly around a track
  • Physical Proximity
  • Whether an individual's behavior will be observed by others in the group
The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because:A) arousal encourages performance of the most likely response.B) one's focus of attention shifts when playing the role of actor rather than observer.C) an increasing familiarity with novel stimuli facilitates liking.D) group discussion enhances whatever attitude is initially dominant in the group.E) the loss of self-restraint often accompanies arousal and anonymity.
  • A) arousal encourages performance of the most likely response.
  • B) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
  • D) the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm.
  • C) emergency is being observed by a number of other people.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text discussion of the roots of prejudice?
  • People's tendancy to assume that exceptional, or especially memorable, individuals are unlike the majority of members of a group
  • A student volunteers to debate an issue, taking the side he personally disagrees with
  • Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process
  • Physical Proximity
In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to
  • "learner"; experimenter
  • a dispositional attribution.
  • peripheral route persuasion.
  • situational attributions.
Given the tendancy of people to categorize information according to preformed schemas, which of the following stereotypes would Juan, a 65-year-old political liberal and fitness enthusiast, be most likely to have?
  • D) many women enjoy aggressive sexual encounters.
  • They see another subject disobey instructions
  • "Young people today have no sense of responsibility."
  • they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.
The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is known as the
  • oot-in-the-door phenomenon.
  • Mirrior-image perceptions
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
  • a situational attribution.
Which of the following is associated with an increased tendency on the part of a bystander to offer help in an emergency situation?
  • B) decreased; decreased
  • Being in a good mood
  • Have the groups work on a superordinate goal
  • A student volunteers to debate an issue, taking the side he personally disagrees with
Which of the foloowing most accurately states the effects of crowding on behavior?
  • Situational and personal influences interact in determining our behavior
  • Crowding usually weakes the intensity of people's reactions
  • The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts
  • Whether an individual's behavior will be observed by others in the group
Which of the following is an example of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
  • Running quickly around a track
  • After agreeing to wear a small "Enforce Recycling" lapel pin, a women agrees to collect signatures on a petition to make recycling required by law
  • Crowding usually weakes the intensity of people's reactions
  • The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts
Which of the following is most likely to promote groupthink?
  • Prejudice is best defined as
  • Group polarization is evident
  • D) group polarization.
  • D) Robin, who is convinced that college professors are usually impractical and forgetful
Regarding the influence of alcohol and testosterone on aggressive behavior, which of the following is true?
  • Different from one another; similar to one another
  • Consumption of alcohol and injections of testosterone both promote aggressive behavior
  • Decrease the likelihood that anyone will help
  • Companionate; there is equity between the partners
The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of
  • informational social influence.
  • the chameleon effect.
  • Their physical attractiveness
  • the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
social psychology
  • We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers we have observed in only one type of situation in terms of ________ and to explain our own behavior in terms of ________.
  • They tend to justify the social inequalities between themselves and others
  • The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
  • Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?
Ever since their cabin lost the camp softball competition, the campers have become increasingly hostile toward oe camper in their cabin, blaming her for every problem in the cabin. This behavior is best explained in terms of
  • Informational social influence
  • C) hindsight bias.
  • the chameleon effect.
  • The scapegoat theory
Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a response to
  • informational social influence.
  • All of theses conditions increased conformity
  • peripheral route persuasion.
  • Their physical attractiveness
Two neighboring nations are stockpiling weapons. Each sees its neighbor's actions as an act of aggression and its own actions as self defense. Evidently, these nations are victims of
  • The mere exposure effect
  • The fundamental attribution error
  • political conservatives; political liberals
  • a situational attribution.
The belief that those who suffer deserve their fate is expressed in the
  • Just-world phenomenon
  • A) conciliation.
  • C) aggression.
  • Hormones and alcohol influence the neural systems that control aggression
Which of the following best describes how GRIT works?
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
  • Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process
  • After agreeing to wear a small "Enforce Recycling" lapel pin, a women agrees to collect signatures on a petition to make recycling required by law
  • The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts
exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal.
  • political conservatives; political liberals
  • Decrease the likelihood that anyone will help
  • Crowding usually weakes the intensity of people's reactions
  • Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to
When no weapons of mass destruction were found following the U.S. invasion of Iraq, some Americans revised their memories of the main rationale for going to war. The text author suggests that we can best explain why people changed their memories in terms of
  • Being in a good mood
  • Their physical attractiveness
  • cognitive dissonance theory.
  • Completed her daily run
Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of:A) their limited feelings of responsibility.B) indifference and apathy.C) the ingroup bias.D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.E) a failure to interpret the incident as an emergency.
  • A) their limited feelings of responsibility.
  • A) normative social influence.
  • C) any of the above criteria.
  • The frustration-aggression principle
Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be
  • he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.
  • they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.
  • The board members are already aware that Jose and the student body disagree with them on these issues
  • even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished.
Which of the following factors is the most powerful predictor of friendship?
  • Physical Proximity
  • Running quickly around a track
  • Whether an individual's behavior will be observed by others in the group
  • Being in a good mood
perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
  • May produce all of these effects
  • Companionate; there is equity between the partners
  • All of theses conditions increased conformity
  • Social facilitation refers to the tendency to
Ahmed and Monique are on a bllind date. Which of the following will probably be most influential in determining whether they like each other?
  • a situational attribution.
  • the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
  • oot-in-the-door phenomenon.
  • Their physical attractiveness
Social facilitation refers to the tendency to
  • Situational and personal influences interact in determining our behavior
  • perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
  • They tend to justify the social inequalities between themselves and others
  • It varies too much to be instinctive in humans
The deeo affection that is felt in long lasting relatioships is called_____love; this feeling is fostered in relationships in which_____.
  • the fundamental attribution error.
  • Crowding usually weakes the intensity of people's reactions
  • Mirrior-image perceptions
  • Companionate; there is equity between the partners
In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about
  • he amount of shock the victim actually received.
  • All of theses conditions increased conformity
  • a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
  • deindividuation.
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when
  • the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.
  • the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher."
  • Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process
  • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to
groupthink
  • The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of
  • Complied with all the demands of the experiment
  • Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called
  • The board members are already aware that Jose and the student body disagree with them on these issues
Which of the following would most likely be subject to social faciliation?
  • Being in a good mood
  • Running quickly around a track
  • Even ordinary people, without any particular hostility, can become agents in a destructive process
  • The two sides engage in a series of reciprocated conciliatory acts
how people explain others' behavior.
  • Attribution theory was designed to account for
  • The scapegoat theory
  • Familiarity breeds fondness
  • C) men; individualism
By providing prospective terrorists with electronic "chat rooms" for interfacing online with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for
  • group polarization.
  • he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.
  • is intended to hurt another person
  • personality traits.
Which theory describes how we explain others' behavior as being due to internal dispositions or external situations?
  • her personal disposition
  • Attribution Theory
  • actions on attitudes.
  • the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
To analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Heider developed
  • Decrease the likelihood that anyone will help
  • attribution theory.
  • Mirrior-image perceptions
  • oot-in-the-door phenomenon.
University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates
  • visual perception.
  • social loafing.
  • social facilitation.
  • actions on attitudes.
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Multiple Choice Questions
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