Multiple Choice Questions

A cell that ingests bacteria and viruses and destroys them, generating peptide fragments that are bound by class II MHC molecules and subsequently displayed on the cell surface to helper T cells. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells are the primary antigen-presenting cells.
  • antigen-presenting cell
  • memory cell
  • plasma cell
  • helper t cell
The infectious agent that causes AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus.
  • HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
  • Cmv (cytomegalovirus)
  • Hbv (hepatitis b virus)
  • Primary immune response
A group of proteins that complement the antibodies and phagocytic cells; assists in ridding an organism of microbes and damaged cells; promotes inflammation.
  • phagocytosis
  • antigen
  • complement system
  • interferon
A type of lymphocyte that develops to maturity in the bone marrow. After encountering antigen, B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells, the effector cells of humoral immunity.
  • B lymphocyte (B cell)
  • Macrophage
  • Helper t cell
  • Immunoglobulin (ig)
The process of generating a state of immunity by artifical means. Active immunization: nonpathogenic version of a normally pathogenic microbe is administered, inducing B and T cell responses and immunological memory. Passive immunization: antibodies specific for a particular microbe are administered, conferring immediate but temporary protection.
  • phagocytosis
  • clonal selection
  • passive immunity
  • immunization
A type of T cell that, when activated, secretes cytokines that promote the response of B cells (humoral response) and cytotonic T cells (cell-mediated response) to antigens.
  • plasma cell
  • macrophage
  • helper T cell
  • memory cell
The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells.
  • innate immunity
  • cell-mediated immune response
  • inflammatory response
  • humoral immune response
An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against self.
  • anaphylactic shock
  • autoimmune disease
  • inflammatory response
  • interferon
An enzyme in sweat, tears, and saliva that attacks bacterial cell walls.
  • histamine
  • lysozyme
  • interferon
  • phagocytosis
A surface protein, present on most cytotoxic cells, that binds to class I MHC molecules on target cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and the target cell.
  • CD13
  • CD8
  • CD18
  • CD16
A small, accessible region of an antigen to which an antigen receptor or antibody binds; also called an antigenic determinant.
  • antibody
  • epitope
  • antigen
  • major histocompatibility complex (mhc)
The antigen receptor on T cells; a membrane-bound molecule consisting of one ? chain and one ? chain linked by a disulfide bridge and containing one antigen-binding site.
  • T cell receptor
  • Innate immunity
  • Cd4
  • Antigen presentation
A collection of cell surface proteins encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility complex. Class I MHC molecules are found on nearly all nucleated cells.
  • cd8
  • t cell receptor
  • b Lymphocyte (b cell)
  • class I MHC molecules
The general term for a surface protein, located on B cells and T cells, that binds to antigens, initiating acquired immune responses. The antigen receptors on B cells are called B cell receptors (or membrane immunoglobulins), and the antigen receptors on T cells are called T cell receptors.
  • antibody
  • antigen
  • cytokine
  • antigen receptor
A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.
  • neutrophil
  • macrophage
  • plasma cell
  • natural killer (NK) cell
The antigen receptor on B cells: a Y-shaped, membrane-bound molecule consisting of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains linked by disulfide bridges and containing two antigen-binding sites; also called a membrane immunoglobulin or membrane antibody.
  • Clonal selection
  • Antibody
  • B cell receptor
  • Cd8
The most abundant type of white blood cell. Neutrophils are phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.
  • macrophage
  • neutrophil
  • lymphocyte
  • plasma cell
A family of genes that encode a large set of cell surface proteins called MHC molecules. Class I and class II MHC molecules function in antigen presentation to T cells. Foreign MHC molecules on transplanted tissue can trigger T cell responses that may lead to rejection of the transplant.
  • antigen
  • antibody
  • epitope
  • major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
The name of the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specified reduction of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.
  • AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
  • Cell-mediated immune response
  • Passive immunity
  • High cholesterol
A protein secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B cells) that binds to a particular antigen and marks it for elimination; also called immunoglobulin. All antibody molecules have the same Y-shaped structure and in their monomer form consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains joined by disulfide bridges.
  • interferon
  • antigen
  • antibody
  • phagocytosis
A protein antigen on the surface of red blood cells designated Rh-positive. If an Rh-negative mother is exposed to blood from an Rh-positive fetus, she produces anti-Rh antibodies of the IgG class.
  • Histamine
  • Rh factor
  • Antibody
  • Antigen
The initial acquired immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of about 10 to 17 days.
  • primary immune response
  • inflammatory response
  • phagocytosis
  • innate immunity
Any of a group of proteins secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells, that regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system.
  • antigen
  • histamine
  • cytokine
  • antibody
A collection of cell surface proteins encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility complex. Class II MHC molecules are restricted to a few specialized cell cell types, commonly called antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells).
  • class II MHC molecules
  • cd4
  • inflammatory response
  • antigen-presenting cell
The kind of defense that is mediated by phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, the inflammatory response, and natural killer (NK) cells. It is present before exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth.
  • primary immune response
  • innate immunity
  • clonal selection
  • acquired immunity
One of a clone of long-lived lymphocytes, formed during the primary immune response, that remains in a lymphoid organ until activated by exposure to the same antigen that triggered its formation. Activated memory cells mount the secondary immune response.
  • plasma cell
  • memory cell
  • helper t cell
  • macrophage
A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances, accomplished mainly by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
  • apoptosis
  • phagocytosis
  • antigen presentation
  • antibody
The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.
  • humoral immune response
  • inflammatory response
  • cell-mediated immune response
  • phagocytosis
A macromolecule that elicits an immune response by lymphocytes.
  • antibody
  • interferon
  • epitope
  • antigen
Long-lasting immunity conferred by the action of a person's B cells and T cells and the resulting B and T memory cells specific for a pathogn. Active immunity can develop as a result of natural infection or immunization.
  • antibody
  • active immunity
  • acquired immunity
  • anaphylactic shock
A small organ in the thoracic cavity of vertebrates where maturation of T cells is completed.
  • macrophage
  • thymus
  • plasma cell
  • lymphatic system
A surface protein, present on most helper T cells, that binds to class II MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell.
  • CD2
  • CD6
  • CD4
  • CD20
A type of white blood cell that mediates acquired immunity. Lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow are called B cells, and those that mature in the thymus are called T cells.
  • macrophage
  • lymphocyte
  • neutrophil
  • plasma cell
Genetically determined classes of human blood; based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O.
  • Innate immunity
  • B cell receptor
  • ABO blood groups
  • Acquired immunity
A protein that has antiviral or immune regulatory functions; secreted by virus-infected cells to help nearby cells resist viral infection
  • histamine
  • interferon
  • antibody
  • lysozyme
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Multiple Choice Questions
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